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413 protocols using nicolet is5

1

Characterization of Cu-DCA Nanostructures

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The micromorphology of Cu-DCA NZs was observed through Atomic force microscope (AFM) (SPM-9700, SHIMADZU, Japan) and Transmission electron microscope (TEM) (Talos F200S, FEI, USA). Dynamic light scattering (DLS) was used to characterize the particle size, polydispersity index (PDI) and surface zeta potential of the relevant samples by Malvern Instruments (ZEN3600, Zetasizer Nano ZS, UK). Automated Surface Area and Porosity Analyzer (BET) was used to detected nitrogen sorption isotherm and the corresponding pore size distribution (ASAP 2460/ TriStar2 3020/ 3flex, Micromeritics, USA). Ultraviolet-visible (UV–Vis) absorption spectra was detected by UV–Vis spectrophotometer (Nicolet iS5, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra was detected by FTIR spectrometer (Nicolet iS5, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). X-ray Powder diffractometer (XRD) pattern was detected by XRD (D8 ADVANCE, Bruker, GER). X-ray Auger electron spectroscopy (XPS) measurement were performed by an ESCALAB 250 Xi (Thermo Scientific, USA) X-ray resource. The concentration of Cu was detected by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-OES, Agilent 730, USA). The concentration of Cu-DCA NZs used in following studies is calculated based on Cu element.
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2

FT-IR Characterization of Vibrio harveyi

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In FT-IR analysis, the cell pellets of V. harveyi before and after photocatalysis were harvested and washed with 1% PBS. The KBr pellets were then prepared separately with these cell pellets. The FT-IR (NicoletTM iS5, Thermo Scientific, U.S.A) spectra were recorded in the range, 400–4000 cm−1, with a resolution of 4 cm−1 using OMNIC Software71 .
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3

FT-IR Analysis of A. hydrophila Membrane

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A. hydrophila cells cultured in the presence and absence of NA was subjected to FT-IR spectral analysis to disclose the alterations in the cell membrane. An equal volume (1 mg) of lyophilized bacterial cells was mixed with potassium bromide (100 mg, KBr) powder and then ground to prepare bacterial pellets. These pellets were analyzed using an FT-IR spectrophotometer (NicoletTM iS5, Thermo Scientific, United States). The pellets were scanned at 4,000–400 cm–1. Each spectrum represents a total of 16 scans with a spectral resolution of 4 cm–1. KBr pellets without bacterial cells were used to reduce the background noise. The spectral readings were plotted as absorbance versus wavenumber and analyzed using OMNIC software (Kannappan et al., 2019b (link)).
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4

Biofilm Disruption Potency of UA

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To evaluate the effect of biofilm disruptive potency of UA, S. mutans was allowed to form mature biofilm. After 24 h, the planktonic part was removed and added with 1 mL of fresh medium together with various concentrations of UA and further incubated for 18 h. At the end of incubation period, cells from control and UA treatment were serially diluted and plated on THA plates which were incubated at 37 °C for 48 h. Plates were documented and variations in viability was noted in CFU/mL. Rest of the cell content from the assay was subjected to FTIR analysis. Briefly, the cells were pelleted down by centrifugation, dried completely under vacuum for 3 h at 50 °C (CHRIST-alpha 2–4 LD plus). Samples were mixed with potassium bromide (KBr) and the spectral scan was taken from 4000 to 400 cm−1 with spectral resolution of 4 cm−1 (NicoletTM iS5, Thermo Scientific, U.S.A with OMNIC Software).
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5

Structural and Mechanical Characterization of Pristine and Composite Membranes

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The structures and morphologies of pristine papers and the composite membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, GEMINI LEO 1550 microscope, 3 kV). Attenuated total reflection Fourier transformed infra-red (ATR-FTIR) measurements were recorded on a NicoletTMiS5 instrument from Thermo Scientific. Mechanical properties of the dry membranes were measured on an Instron 1121 at an extension speed of 10 mm/min. Nitrogen sorption measurement was performed using a Quantachrome Autosorb-1C-MS analyzer at 77 K. The hybrid membranes were degassed at 100 o C for 20 h before the measurements.
The mercury porosimetry experiments were conduct to measure the porosity and pore size distribution of pristine papers and hybrid membranes with an Autopore III device (Micromeritics, USA) according to DIN 66133.
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6

FTIR Characterization of Polymer Synthesis

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Surface
chemistry of the synthesized monomers and polymers was analyzed using
an FTIR spectrometer (Nicolet iS5, Fisher Scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts,
USA) at 4 cm–1 resolution using OMNIC software (Fisher
Scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA) to confirm functional groups
after esterification and incorporation into PU.
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7

FTIR Analysis of Scaffold Mineralization

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The structural changes in the scaffolds after mineralization in SBF were evaluated by an infrared spectroscopy analysis, performed using a Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer Nicolet iS5 (Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) with a diamond crystal iD7 ATR accessory. The spectra were obtained as an average from 128 measurement cycles in the spectral range of 4000–550 cm−1 with the data interval of 0.964 cm−1. An atmospheric suppression feature was employed to eliminate ambient CO2 and H2O concentration changes.
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8

Spectroscopic Characterization of Bromine-Loaded Petroleum Coke

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The surface morphology of the petroleum coke before and after the bromine loading was observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM, Hitachi S-4800, Japan). The surface functional groups were measured by a X-ray diffractometer (XRD, Bruker AXS) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR, Nicolet iS5) produced by Thermo Electron Corporation. The XRD was equipped with a graphite monochromator filter, with the scanning area of 0.65–140°, the minimum wavelength step is 0.0001°. The spectral range of FTIR was 7800–350 cm−1, the spectral resolution is better than 0.5 cm−1, the wave number accuracy is better than 0.01 cm−1, and the signal-to-noise ratio is 40 000 : 1. The surface binding and elemental speciation was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) using a Thermo ESCALAB 250XI X-ray photoelectron spectrometer, with the surface excitation at 1486.6 eV by an Al Ka X-ray source. The survey and high-resolution spectra of C1s, Br3d, S2p, Si2p and Hg4f were collected and calibrated with the binding energy of C1s at 284.9 eV. All the survey and high-resolution scans were analyzed with Thermo Avantage XPS software for surface chemical analysis.
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9

Characterization of Cr(VI)-Treated Camphor Biochar

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QuadraSorb (Quantachrome Instruments, USA) with the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) nitrogen adsorption method at 77.3 K was used to test surface area, total pore volume and average pore diameter of camphor branch biochar before and after reaction with Cr(VI). The scanning electron microscope (SEM, Hitachi S-4800, Japan), equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was used to observe the surface morphology of camphor branch biochar before and after reaction with Cr(VI). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR, Nicolet iS5, Thermo Electron Corporation, USA) was used to analyze the surface functional groups of camphor branch biochar before and after reaction. The Thermo ESCALAB 250XI X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) was applied for analyzing the surface binding and elemental speciation, and the high-resolution spectra of Cr 2p was collected. Thermo Avantage XPS software was used to analyze the surface chemical for Cr 2p narrow scan.
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10

Probing 2D Ti₃C₂Tx MXene Interactions

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The potential chemical bonds forming between 2D Ti3C2Tx MXene flakes were also studied using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy (Nicolet iS5, Thermo Electron, Waltham, MA, USA) equipped with an Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) accessory and diamond crystal. The great advantage of this technique is that the potential interactions between components in nanocomposite can be easily revealed and samples do not require additional preparation. For all measurements, the spectral resolution was 2 cm−1, and each spectrum represents an average of 60 scans. For data analysis, the OMNIC 9.8.372 (Thermo Fisher) firmware version 1.02 softwarewas used.
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