Apodirect kits

M199 medium, Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 medium, penicillin G sodium salt, streptomycin sulphate, propidium iodide (PI), glutamine and pentamidine were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, fetal bovine serum (FBS) from Biowest, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) from SRL, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazine-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) from Himedia, isopropanol and methanol from Merck. Annexin V–FLUOS staining kit and ApoDirect kits were procured from Roche Inc., Switzerland. All the antibodies and their isotype controls were procured from BD Biosciences. All the other chemicals were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich unless stated otherwise.

Tannins enriched fractions of E. officinalis (EOT) fruits were provided as gift samples by Indian Herbs Research and Supply Company (Saharanpur, India). The tannins were extracted as per the method given by Ghosal et al. (1996) which involved deactivating the hydrolytic enzymes present in the fresh juice of E. officinalis, following which, column chromatography was performed over Sephadex LH-20 employing methanol and methanol-water as the eluent. The concentration of the various tannins was as follows: emblicanin A (37%), emblicanin B (33%), punigluconin (12%), pedunculagin (14%), rutin (3%), and gallic acid (1%) (Ghosal et al., 1996 ). Piracetam (PCT) was provided as gift sample by Arbro Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (Delhi, India). ATP bioluminescence assay kit and JC-1 (5, 5, 6, 6- tetrachloro-1,1,3,3- tetraethyl benzimidazolyl carbocyanine iodide) were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich (India). BCA protein assay kit was procured from Span Diagnostics Limited, Gujarat, India. Annexin V– fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and ApoDirect kits were purchased from Roche Inc. All other reagents used in the experiments were of analytical grade. Double-distilled water was used throughout the experimental work.

Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was procured from Gibco-BRL, DMSO from SRL, methanol from Merck, limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) kit from Pierce, Thermo Scientific and annexin V-FITC and the Apo- Direct kits from Roche Inc., Basel, Switzerland. All the other chemicals were from Sigma–Aldrich unless otherwise stated.