Experiments were performed in 10 male rats (308.0 ± 5.7 g, 290–350 g). The sequence for this protocol consisted of: (i) ACSF; (ii) 1 mM scopolamine (broad spectrum muscarinic receptor antagonist, MW: 384.27 g/mol, catalogue number: 1414, Tocris)10 (link); (iii) 1 mM scopolamine co-applied with 100 μM muscarine.
Scopolamine
Manufactured by Bio-Techne
Sourced in United Kingdom
Scopolamine is a chemical compound used as a laboratory reagent. It is commonly employed in scientific research, particularly in the fields of pharmacology and neuroscience, to study the effects of muscarinic receptor antagonists. The core function of scopolamine is to act as a competitive antagonist at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
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Lab products found in correlation
Vu0255035, by Bio-Techne (3 mentions)
Labchart pro software, by ADInstruments (2 mentions)
Bethanechol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Krebs ringer solution, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
4 chamber tissue organ bath chambers with isometric force transducers 0 25g, by ADInstruments (2 mentions)
Powerlab 4 35, by ADInstruments (2 mentions)
Carbenoxolone, by Bio-Techne (2 mentions)
Methyllycaconitine citrate mla, by Bio-Techne (2 mentions)
Mecamylamine hydrochloride mec, by Bio-Techne (2 mentions)
Tetrodotoxin ttx, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
4 aminopyridine 4 ap, by Bio-Techne (2 mentions)
Dihydro β erythroidine hydrobromide dhβe, by Bio-Techne (2 mentions)
Bicuculline, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Scopolamine, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Verapamil, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Nicotine, by Bio-Techne (1 mentions)
Jwh133, by Bio-Techne (1 mentions)
Am630, by Bio-Techne (1 mentions)
Tween 80, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sulpiride, by Bio-Techne (1 mentions)
18 protocols using scopolamine
1
Muscarinic Receptor Modulation in Rats
2
Neuroprotective Effects of Vitamin E Against Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairment in Rats
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We distributed the rats randomly to the following groups (n = 7): • Control group: had no any drugs and behavioral tests; • Scopolamine-saline group: receiving Scopolamine (Tocris, UK) with a single dose of 3 mg/kg (i.p.) for a day [45] , and then an injection of 0.9% sterile saline (1 ml/kg, i.p.) for fourteen days, and with a behavioral test; • Scopolamine-sesame oil group: receiving a single dose of Scopolamine 3 mg/kg for a day and then receiving sesame oil (1 ml/kg, i.p.) for fourteen days, and with the behavioral test; • Three Scopolamine-vitamin E treated groups: receiving a single dose of Scopolamine 3 mg/kg for a day and then an injection of vitamin E (Darou Pakhsh Pharmaceutical Mfg Co., Iran) with different doses (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg/day, i.p.) [7, 23, 38] for fourteen days, and with the behavioral test. Scopolamine, a muscarinic receptor antagonist, was dissolved in 0.9% sterile saline and vitamin E was dissolved in sesame oil. Twenty four hours after the Scopolamine injection and the last injection of drugs, the rats were tested for the retention trial in inhibitory avoidance apparatus.
3
Systemic Scopolamine Dosing in Trace Fear Conditioning
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Systemic Scopolamine doses were based on those found previously to be effective in a trace fear conditioning procedure (Hunt and Richardson, 2007 (link)). Scopolamine (Tocris Bioscience) was dissolved in saline (0.9% NaCl) to provide an injection volume of 1 ml/kg. In Experiments 1 and 2, Scopolamine (0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg) or saline was injected intraperitoneally 15 min before conditioning sessions. There was one such session in Experiment 1 (Fig. 1 A). The plasma half-life of Scopolamine in the rat is ∼20 min (Lyeth et al., 1992 (link)) and the strength of conditioning to the experimental stimuli was tested drug-free on subsequent days of the procedure. There were 4 conditioning sessions and thus 4 d of injections in Experiment 2: conditioning was examined both on the baseline and in follow-up drug-free extinction tests (Fig. 2 A). In Experiment 3, rats were immediately replaced in the LMA apparatus to document the onset and course of the Scopolamine treatments effects.
4
Pharmacological Modulation of BDNF Release
5
Effects of Cholinergic and CB2-Receptor Ligands
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The cholinergic receptor ligands: Nicotine (0.05, 0.1 mg/kg) (Tocris, Minneapolis, MN, USA), a cholinergic nicotinic receptor agonist, Scopolamine (1 mg/kg) (Tocris, USA), a cholinergic muscarinic receptor antagonist,
The CB2-receptor ligands: JWH 133 (0.25, 0.5, 1 mg/kg) (Tocris, USA), a potent selective CB2-receptor agonist, AM 630 (0.25, 0.5, 1 mg/kg) (Tocris, USA), a competitive CB2-receptor antagonist.
Cholinergic receptor ligands were dissolved in a saline solution (0.9% NaCl). In turn, CB2-receptor ligands were suspended in a 1% solution of Tween 80 (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) in a saline solution. Nicotine was administered subcutaneously (s.c.), and Scopolamine and CB2-receptor ligands were administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) at a volume of 10 mL/kg. Fresh drug solutions were prepared on each day of experimentation. Control groups received injections of saline with Tween 80 at the same volume and by the same route of administration.
Experimental doses of cholinergic and CB2-receptor ligands used for behavioral experiments and procedures were chosen accordingly to those frequently used in literature and our previous experiences [6 (link),7 (link),12 (link),74 (link)].
The CB2-receptor ligands: JWH 133 (0.25, 0.5, 1 mg/kg) (Tocris, USA), a potent selective CB2-receptor agonist, AM 630 (0.25, 0.5, 1 mg/kg) (Tocris, USA), a competitive CB2-receptor antagonist.
Cholinergic receptor ligands were dissolved in a saline solution (0.9% NaCl). In turn, CB2-receptor ligands were suspended in a 1% solution of Tween 80 (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) in a saline solution. Nicotine was administered subcutaneously (s.c.), and Scopolamine and CB2-receptor ligands were administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) at a volume of 10 mL/kg. Fresh drug solutions were prepared on each day of experimentation. Control groups received injections of saline with Tween 80 at the same volume and by the same route of administration.
Experimental doses of cholinergic and CB2-receptor ligands used for behavioral experiments and procedures were chosen accordingly to those frequently used in literature and our previous experiences [6 (link),7 (link),12 (link),74 (link)].
6
Pharmacological Agents for Neuroscience Research
7
Pharmacological Modulation of Reward Processing
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Doses used were based on previous studies in the ABT (Stuart et al. 2013 (link), JBT Hales et al. 2017 (link)), and other reward processing tasks (Autry et al. 2011 (link), Maeng et al. 2008 (link), Hinchcliffe et al., unpublished; Petryshen et al. 2016 (link)). Ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, was purchased from Sigma, US, and dissolved in 0.9% saline, which was also used as the vehicle control. Rats received 0–10 mg/kg Ketamine (Stuart et al. 2015 (link); Autry et al. 2011 (link); Maeng et al. 2008 (link)) 60 min prior to the session. Scopolamine, a muscarinic antagonist, was purchased from Tocris, UK, and dissolved in 0.9% saline, which was also used as the vehicle control. Rats received 0–0.1 mg/kg Scopolamine (Hinchcliffe et al., unpublished; Petryshen et al. 2016 (link)) 60 min prior to the experiment.
8
Functional Assay of Human Muscle Strips
9
Pharmacological Dissection of Striatal Neurotransmission
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We used bicuculline (10 μM, Sigma) to block GABAA receptors. Dihydro-β-erythroidine hydrobromide (DhβE; 1 μM, Tocris) was used to block nAChRs that contain β2-subunits including Type 2 nicotinic receptors (α4β2), and some heterormeric Type III nAChRs (β2*-containing). Methyllycaconitine citrate (MLA; 500 nM, Tocris) was used as an antagonist of nAChRs containing the α7 subunit (Type I nAChRs) mostly expressed presynaptically by glutamatergic afferents in the striatum, mecamylamine hydrochloride (MEC; 5 μm, Tocris) was used as a non-selective nAChRs antagonist that preferentially block Type III nAChRs [heterotrimeric α3β2β4, (Albuquerque et al., 1995 (link), 2009 (link))]. Atropine (Sigma, 10 μM) and scopolamine (Tocris, 10 μM) were used as non-selective mAChRs antagonists and VU0255035 (Tocris, 10 μM) as a selective M1 mAChR antagonist. CNQX (10 μM, Tocris) and APV (10 μM, Tocris) to block respectively AMPA and NMDA glutamate receptors. We used tetrodotoxin (TTX, 1 μM, Sigma) in association with 4-aminopyridine (4-AP, 200 μM, Tocris) to isolate monosynaptic responses. Finally, to block gap junction (electrotonic) communication we used carbenoxolone (100 μM, Tocris).
10
Scopolamine Effects on Sign-Tracking
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Subjects were 18 experimentally naïve sign-tracking male (n = 11) and female (n = 7) Long Evans rats. This experiment was run identically to Experiment 1 except for the drug. After completing 12 days of training, rats underwent 7 days of omission testing. Ten minutes prior to the first 5 omission sessions, rats were bilaterally infused with either scopolamine (10 μg/side; Tocris Bioscience, Bristol, UK), a nonselective muscarinic receptor antagonist, or an equivalent volume of sterile ACSF (Tocris Bioscience).
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