Medical electronic scale

Body height (Martin metal anthropometer, GPM Anthropological Instruments, Zurich, Switzerland) and body mass (medical electronic scale, A&D Instruments Ltd., Abingdon, UK) were measured to the nearest 0.1 cm and 0.05 kg, and body mass index (BMI) was also calculated (kg/m²). Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) using the DPX-IQ densitometer (Lunar Corporation, Madison, WI; USA) Participants were scanned in light clothing while lying flat on their backs with arms on their sides. Whole body fat percent (body fat %), FM, and lean body mass (LBM) values were obtained. All DXA measurements and results were evaluated by the same examiner. The coefficient of variations (CVs) for the obtained results was less than 2% [25 (link)].

At the first measurement (before the intervention, assessment I, AI) and after (right after GESPA wearing period—assessment II, AII) the practical part anthropometric, goniometric parameters and myometric parameters: tone (frequency), biomechanical properties (stiffness, logarithmic decrement) of m. sartorius, m. tensor fasciae latae, m. semitendinosus, m. tibialis anterior, m. gastrocnemius caput mediale) were measured. Three months after wearing period the final measurement was done to evaluate long term effect of GESPA—assessment III (AIII).
All anthropometrical (height, body mass, IMD) [23 (link)] and goniometrical (TFA) [24 (link)] measurements were done according to the standard technique in standing position. The child was barefoot, in as little clothing as possible. Body height was measured using a Harpender metal anthropometer to the nearest 0.1 cm; body mass with a medical electronic scale (A&D Instruments, Ltd., Abingdon, UK) to the nearest 0.1 kg; body mass index (BMI) was calculated (BMI = kg/m²); BMI was evaluated according to National Centre for Health Statistics [25 ]. To determine the tone, biomechanical parameters of skeletal muscles myometric method in multiscan mode was used. MyotonPRO (Myoton AS, Estonia) allow to assess the condition of the surface skeletal muscles safely, non-invasively, cost-effectively and in real time [26 ].

Body height was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm using Martin’s metal anthropometer (GPM Anthropological Instruments, Zurich, Switzerland), while body mass was measured to the nearest 0.05 kg using a medical electronic scale (A&D Instruments Ltd., Abingdon, UK) and body mass index (BMI; kg/m²) was calculated. In addition, the whole-body (WB) and lumbar spine (LS) areal bone mineral density (aBMD; g/cm²), and WB bone mineral content (BMC; kg) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) using the DPX-IQ densitometer (Lunar Corporation, Madison, WI, USA) equipped with proprietary software, version 3.6 [7 (link)]. The whole-body fat mass (FM), lean body mass (LBM) and WB fat percent (body fat%) were also determined by DXA [7 (link)]. Studied female adolescents were scanned while wearing light clothing and lying flat on their backs with arms at their sides. The medium scan mode and standard subject positioning were used for WB measurements and were analyzed using the extended analysis option [7 (link)]. DXA measurements and results were evaluated by the same examiner and the coefficients of variations (CVs) for the obtained results were less than 2% [7 (link)].

Height (cm) was measured with a Martin metal anthropometer to the nearest 0.1 cm according to the standard technique (GPM anthropological instruments, Zurich, Switzerland). Body mass (kg) was measured using a medical electronic scale (A&D Instruments, Abingdon, UK) and recorded with 0.05 kg precision with the subject wearing light clothes. Body mass index (BMI; ) was calculated as body mass (in kilograms) divided by height in square meters. The subjects were divided into underweight ( ), normal weight ( ), overweight ( ) and obese ( ) groups at baseline. The cut-off points for BMI were set according to Cole et al. [28] (link).