Scrapings of the toenail plate (1–5 mm2) were obtained from patients with clinical onychomycosis. A total of 534 samples were analyzed from 216 subjects from Brazil (n = 54), Canada (n = 125) and Israel (n = 37). If a dermatophyte was identified then a repeat sample was not required; however, if an NDM was identified then one or more repeat samples were obtained. The following organisms were used as reference strains: Acremonium spinosum (American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 9471, Manassas, VA, USA), Aspergillus fumigatus (ATCC KM8001), Fusarium oxysporum (ATCC 26225), Microsporum audouinii (Clinical isolate, Mediprobe Research, Inc., London, ON, Canada), Microsporum canis (ATCC 32507), Scopulariopsis brevicaulis (ATCC 52175), Neoscytalidium dimidiatum (ATCC 46921), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (ATCC MYA-4439), Trichophyton rubrum (ATCC MYA-4438), and Trichophyton tonsurans (ATCC 10217).
Microsporum canis
Manufactured by American Type Culture Collection
Sourced in Canada
Microsporum canis is a fungal species used as a laboratory model organism. It is a filamentous fungus that belongs to the genus Microsporum and is commonly found on the skin and hair of domestic animals, particularly cats and dogs. Microsporum canis is often used in research and testing related to dermatophyte infections and their treatment.
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Lab products found in correlation
Aspergillus fumigatus, by American Type Culture Collection (2 mentions)
Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, by American Type Culture Collection (2 mentions)
Trichophyton tonsurans, by American Type Culture Collection (2 mentions)
Microsporum gypseum, by American Type Culture Collection (2 mentions)
Trichophyton rubrum, by American Type Culture Collection (2 mentions)
Fusarium oxysporum, by American Type Culture Collection (1 mentions)
Yeast nitrogen base growth medium, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Amphotericin b, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Penicillium chrysogenum, by American Type Culture Collection (1 mentions)
Aspergillus niger, by American Type Culture Collection (1 mentions)
Fusarium solani, by American Type Culture Collection (1 mentions)
Epidermophyton floccosum, by American Type Culture Collection (1 mentions)
4 protocols using microsporum canis
1
Onychomycosis Toenail Sampling Protocols
2
Antifungal Activity of C. winterianus EOs
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All tested fungi were cultured yeast-nitrogen base growth medium (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). Stock solutions (5000 μg/mL) of C. winterianus (leaves and root) EOs were prepared in DMSO and diluted as above. The freshly harvested fungi with approximately 7.5 × 107 CFU/mL final concentrations were added to each well of 96-well microdilution plates and were incubated at 35 °C for 24 h. DMSO and amphotericin B (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) were negative and positive antifungal controls, respectively, as previously described [56 (link)]. Seven fungal strains were used: Aspergillus niger (ATCC-16888), Candida albicans (ATCC-18804), Microsporum canis (ATCC-11621), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (ATCC-18748), Aspergillus fumigatus (ATCC-96918), Microsporum gypseum (ATCC-24102), and Trichophyton rubrum (ATCC-28188).
3
Antifungal Susceptibility of Clinical Pathogens
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The fungi used in this study were chosen primarily on the basis of their importance as opportunistic pathogens of humans. Strains from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) were used: Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC 204305, Aspergillus niger ATCC 16888, Microsporum canis ATCC 36299, Microsporum gypseum ATCC 24102, Trichophyton tonsurans ATCC 28942, Trichophyton rubrum ATCC 28188, Trichophyton mucoides ATCC 201382, Penicillium aurantiogriseum ATCC 16025, and Penicillium chrysogenum ATCC 1010. Both Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) and Sabouraud dextrose broth (SDB) were prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions. The fungi were maintained at 4°C on SDA plates and the inoculum for the assays was prepared by diluting scraped cell mass in 0.85% NaCl solution, adjusted to 0.5 McFarland standards, and confirmed by spectrophotometric reading at 580 nm.[30 (link)31 ] Cell suspensions were finally diluted to 104 CFU mL − 1 for the use in the assays.
4
Fungal Species for Onychomycosis Research
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Eight pathogenic fungal species involved in human onychomycosis were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), and were maintained on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) culture medium (potato starch: 4 g/L; dextrose: 20 g/L; agar: 15 g/L). The fungal species are: Acremonium chrysogenum ATCC 14615, Aspergillus terreus ATCC 1012, Epidermophyton floccosum ATCC 26072, Fusarium solani ATCC 46939, Microsporum canis ATCC 10214, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis ATCC 7123, Trichophyton mentagrophytes ATCC 28185, Trichophyton rubrum ATCC 22402.
Dense spores’ suspensions were obtained from each fungal species using filtration through steril cotton, and they were maintained at 4°C in distilled water. These suspensions were quantified on PDA medium in order to use 105 CFUs for the in vitro and ex vivo experiments. Incubation temperature was 24°C for all species, except for A. chrysogenum (26°C).
Dense spores’ suspensions were obtained from each fungal species using filtration through steril cotton, and they were maintained at 4°C in distilled water. These suspensions were quantified on PDA medium in order to use 105 CFUs for the in vitro and ex vivo experiments. Incubation temperature was 24°C for all species, except for A. chrysogenum (26°C).
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