S 4800

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and high-angle annular dark-field images in the scanning TEM (HAADF-STEM) measurements were taken on JEM-2100F microscope (JEOL, Japan) operated at 200 kV. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images were conducted on a Hitachi Model S-4800 and Gemini Ultra55 (Zeiss). Samples for TEM and FESEM tests were prepared by drying the nanoparticles on amorphous carbon-coated copper grids. Tridium). Nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements were conducted to obtain information on the porosity. The measurements were conducted at 77 K with ASAP 2420 and Micromeritcs Tristar 3020 analyzer (USA). Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis was conducted on a Malvern ZS90 with a He, Ne laser (633 nm, 4 mW). Confocal fluorescence images were obtained by an LSM 710 confocal laser scanning microscope (Carl Zeiss SMT Inc., USA). Flow cytometry analysis was performed by an Accuri C6 flow cytometer (BD Biosciences, USA).

The contact angles of the samples were tested at room temperature using a contact angle meter (DSA100, KruSS, Hamburg, Germany), which in turn allowed observation of the micro-nanostructure on the surface of the specimens, using an S-4800 cold field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM; Zeiss SIGMA HD, Jena, Germany) to observe the micro-nanostructure on the specimens, using a medium of deionized water with a droplet volume of 2 uL. Five different locations were selected and averaged. Next, the hardness of the specimens was measured using a microhardness tester (Wilson Hardness 401MVD, Wilson, Chicago, IL, USA) to measure the microhardness of the specimen at five different locations and the average value was taken as the hardness value of the specimen. Finally, the WCA and SA of the specimens were measured by applying pressure to the specimens with a 200 g weight and moving them over a 1000-mesh sandpaper with a 15 cm cycle, for a total of 10 cycles, to reflect the strength of their durability properties by the change in WCA and SA.

The morphology
of the prepared sample
was analyzed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM,
Hitachi S-4800 and Zeiss Merlin compact) and field-emission transmission
electronic microscopy (FETEM) (JEOL-2100F, JEOL Ltd., Japan). Elemental
distribution maps were collected by energy-dispersive spectrometry
(EDS, Bruker Xflash 6100) using an accelerating voltage of 15 kV.
Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) was performed using an X-Pert3 powder
(PANalytical, the Netherlands) diffractometer with Cu Kα1 (λ
= 1.5406 Å) radiation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS,
Al Kα radiation, and hν = 1486.6 eV)
was performed to reveal the chemical compositions and valence state
using the C 1s peak of the C–C and C–H bonds located
at 284.8 eV as reference. The CasaXPS software was adapted to conduct
the peak fitting. Thermogravimetric–mass spectrometric (TG-MS)
analysis was carried out using an STA449C/Qms 403C. The Raman spectra
of the prepared catalysts were collected with Jobin Yvon-Horiba LabRam
ARAMIS systems with 532 nm excitation lasers. A Micromeritics ASAP2020
device (at 77 K) was employed to perform the N₂ adsorption–desorption
test. Infrared (IR) spectra were collected using a Fourier transform
infrared spectrometer (Nicolet is50, ThermoFisher Co.).