Xylose xyl

Monosaccharide standards, including Arabinose (Ara), Fucose (Fuc), Galactose (Gal), Galacturonic acid (GalA), Glucose (Glc), Glucuronic acid (GlcA), Mannose (Man), Rhamnose (Rha), and Xylose (Xyl), of chromatographic purity were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co. (Shanghai, China). Anhydrous ethanol, glucose, phenol, sulfuric acid, and 1-Phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP) of analytical purity were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. (Shanghai, China). Acetonitrile of chromatographic purity was purchased from Tianjin Chemical Reagent Co. (Tianjin, China). coomassie brilliant blue G250 of analytical purity purchased from Beijing Dingguo Bio (Beijing, China). Pancreatic peptone, yeast extract powder, beef extract, and biochemical reagent were purchased from Beijing Auboxing Biotechnology Co. (Beijing, China). Bovine serum albumin of biotechnology grade was purchased from Shanghai Maclean Biochemical Technology Co. (Shanghai, China). Pure water was used during the experiments.

Arrowhead bulbs were obtained from a local supplier in November 2021 in Guangxi, China. Following washing with running water, the bulbs were peeled, and then made into 5 mm slices for subsequent experiments. The slices were randomly divided into two groups: (1) 200 g slices pretreated immersion in 2000 mL of distilled water for 15 h (DWI), and (2) 200 g slices pretreated immersion in 2000 mL of 0.6% acetic acid (v/v) for 15 h (AAI). Then, 100 g slices from the DWI or AAI group with 130 mL distilled water were vacuum-packed in Nylon pouches (24 cm × 17 cm) and placed in boiling water for 0.5 h, followed by rapid cooling to room temperature with running water, which were named as cooked DWI (DWIC) and cooked AAI (AAIC), respectively. Some of the samples were used for texture measurement, SEM observation and immunolabeling analysis, and the remaining slices were kept at −80 °C for further experiments. The monosaccharide standards, namely galacturonic acid (GalA), rhamnose (Rha), galactose (Gal), mannose (Man), arabinose (Ara), glucose (Glc), fucose (Fuc) and xylose (Xyl), were purchased from Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). All chemicals used were of analytical grade and purchased from reliable reagent dealers.