Ginsenoside rh2

_DL-glyceraldehyde dimer, adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), β-nicotinamide bovine serum albumin (BSA), and quercetin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Human recombinant AR (0.4 units) was purchased from Wako Chemicals (Osaka, Japan). Sodium azide was purchased from Junsei Chemical Co. (Tokyo, Japan). Ginsenoside Rb2 (>95%), ginsenoside Rb3 (>95%), protopanaxadiol (purity >85%), ginsenoside Rf (>95%), ginsenoside Rc (>98%), protopanaxatriol (>96%), ginsenoside Re (>97%), (20S) ginsenoside Rg3 (>98%), ginsenoside Rd (>95%), ginsenoside Rg1(>90%), ginsenoside Rh2 (>97%), compound K (>96%), sodium hydroxide, ginsenoside Rb1 (>98%), quercetin (>95%), ginsenoside Rh1(>90%), glucose, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and sorbitol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St Louis, MO, USA). (20R) ginsenoside Rg3 (purity > 96%), (20S) ginsenoside Rg2 (>90%), ginsenoside Ra1 (>96%), ginsenoside Ra2 (>98%), ginsenoside Rs1 (>97%), ginsenoside Rs2 (>90%), (20R) ginsenoside Rg2 (>99%) were purchased from Selleckchem Co. (Cedarlane, ON, Canada). Unless otherwise noted, all additional chemicals and solvents were reagent grade and purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germania), Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland), Duksan Pure Chemical Co. (Ansan, South Korea), or Sigma-Aldrich Co.

Ginsenoside Rh2, calcein, Sephadex® G-50, LH-20 and 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ginsenoside Rh2 (chemical purity ≥97.0%) was dissolved in 100% ethanol. Rh2 residue was evaporated and resolubilized in buffer solution (10 mM Tris-HCl, 159 mM NaCl pH 7.4, containing 1% DMSO). calcein was dissolved in 6 N NaOH and subjected to size-exclusion chromatography through a Sephadex® LH-20 column. The L-α-phosphatidylcholine (ePC – Egg, Chicken), sphingomyelin (eSM – Egg, Chicken), cholesterol (Chol - Ovine Wool), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-(lissamine rhodamine B sulfonyl) (ammonium salt) (Rhod-PE) were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids Inc. (Alabaster, AL, USA). N-(7-Nitrobenz-2-Oxa-1,3-Diazol-4-yl)-1,2-Dihexadecanoyl-sn-Glycero-3-Phosphoethanolamine, Triethylammonium Salt) (NBD-PE) were ordered by Life technologies (Leusden, Netherlands). 6-Dodecanoyl-2-Dimethylaminonaphthalene (Laurdan) and Octadecyl Rhodamine B Chloride (R₁₈) were acquired from Thermo scientific (Rockford, IL USA). Lipids and lipid probes were dissolved in CHCl₃, except DPH, which was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (THF), and were kept at −20 °C. All organic solvents used were from VWR (Radnor, PA, USA).

Ginsenoside Rh2, RPMI-1460 and L-glutamine were purchased from Sigma, and Antibiotic/Antimycotic Solution and fetal bovine serum were purchased from Gibco (Grand Island, NY). 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) was purchased from Roche (Applied Science, Indianapolis, IN). Arginine, lysine, dimethylacetamide (DMA) and sodium nitrite (NaNO2), all with analytical grade were obtained from Merck Inc. All other chemicals used were of analytical grade.