Ez test sx

Mechanical properties such as the modulus of elasticity–Young’s modulus (YM), tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (EAB) of studied films were measured according to modified ISO 527-3:2018 standard [58 ] using the universal testing machine Shimadzu EZ-test SX (Kyoto, Japan). The film samples were cut in rectangular strips (50 mm × 10 mm and known thickness) and conditioned at 24 °C and 55% relative humidity by placing them in a desiccator over a saturated solution of magnesium nitrate for 48 h. After this time, films were clamped between the stationary clamp connected with a load cell (100 N) with an initial separation of 30 mm, and the cross-head speed was set at 20 mm/min. The TS and EAB were measured and calculated directly from the plotted stress-strain curves.

Mechanical properties such as the modulus of elasticity—Young’s modulus (YM), tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (EAB) of studied films were measured according to modified ISO 527-3:2018 standard [29 ] using the universal testing machine Shimadzu EZ-test SX (Kyoto, Japan). The film samples in a form of a uniform strap (50 mm × 10 mm and known thickness) were placed between metal clamps (with 30 mm distance between them). The samples were stretched with a constant speed of 10 mm/min. The TS and EAB were determined directly from the plotted stress–strain curves, the YM was estimated from the slope of the elastic region (initial linear portion of the plot). Each measurement was repeated three times.

Analysis of the textural properties of fatty components (CF, BO, BHO) was performed using the universal testing machine EZ-test-SX (Shimadzu Corporation, Suzhou Instruments Manufactureing, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China). The samples were kept for 24 h at 20 °C before testing. A cylindrical nozzle (12 mm diameter, Perspex) was used as an indenter. The rate of immersion of the indenter into the sample was 10 mm/min and the penetration depth was 10 mm (50% of sample height). Firmness and elastic modulus were measured automatically using Trapezium X software (Shimadzu, Japan).