Paclitaxel

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, France, China, Macao, Japan, Sao Tome and Principe, Canada, Poland, Spain, Israel, Australia, Switzerland, Italy

Paclitaxel is a pharmaceutical compound used in the production of various cancer treatment medications. It functions as a microtubule-stabilizing agent, which plays a crucial role in the development and regulation of cells. Paclitaxel is a key ingredient in the manufacture of certain anti-cancer drugs.

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Lab products found in correlation

Cisplatin, by Merck Group (162 mentions) Doxorubicin, by Merck Group (118 mentions) Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (72 mentions) Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (70 mentions) Nocodazole, by Merck Group (50 mentions) Docetaxel, by Merck Group (44 mentions) Vincristine, by Merck Group (39 mentions) Verapamil, by Merck Group (39 mentions) Gemcitabine, by Merck Group (38 mentions) Colchicine, by Merck Group (37 mentions) Carboplatin, by Merck Group (36 mentions) Etoposide, by Merck Group (34 mentions) Penicillin streptomycin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (30 mentions) 5 fluorouracil, by Merck Group (29 mentions) Rpmi 1640 medium, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (26 mentions) Vinblastine, by Merck Group (25 mentions) Mitoxantrone, by Merck Group (24 mentions) Cremophor el, by Merck Group (21 mentions) Dulbecco modified eagle medium (dmem), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (20 mentions) Triton x 100, by Merck Group (20 mentions)

Close spelling variants of this product

Paclitaxel (Taxol) (31 citations) Paclitaxel (TX) (4 citations) Paclitaxel (PAX), (2 citations) Paclitaxel (TAX) (4 citations) Paclitaxel (T7191) (2 citations) Paclitaxel from Taxus brevifolia (3 citations) Paclitaxel (Pac) (2 citations) Paclitaxel (PTX) (38 citations) Paclitaxel (T7402) (8 citations)

953 protocols using paclitaxel

Ovarian Follicle Culture with Chemotherapeutics

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Preparation of culture media was performed as reported previously. Briefly, MEM alpha (Invitrogen, CA, USA) was used as basal medium. Medium was supplemented with 5% foetal bovine serum (FBS, HyClone, Logan, UT, USA), 10 mM penicillin-streptomycin (Invitrogen), and 1 mM insulin-transferrin-selenium (ITS, Invitrogen). In addition, culture media was supplemented with 200 mIU/ml of recombinant human FSH (Gonal-F^®, Merck Serono) and 100 mIU/ml of LH (Luveris^®, Merck Serono). Finally, 25 µl of media was seeded as droplets on a culture dish and covered with mineral oil (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA).
Stock solutions of cisplatin (Sigma-Aldrich) were prepared using 0.5 M NaCl (Sigma-Aldrich), and Paclitaxel (Sigma-Aldrich) was prepared at a concentration of 1 × 10^–3 M. Final concentrations in the culture medium were 10^–8, 10^–9, and 10^–10 M. In the experimental group, follicles were cultured in each group of medium containing cisplatin (C), Paclitaxel (P), and cisplatin with Paclitaxel (C + P).

Kim Y.Y., Kim W.O., Liu H.C., Rosenwaks Z., Kim J.W, & Ku S.Y. (2019). Effects of paclitaxel and cisplatin on in vitro ovarian follicle development. Archives of Medical Science : AMS, 15(6), 1510-1519.

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Preparation and Storage of Anticancer Drugs

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Paclitaxel, cisplatin, panobinostat (pano) and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) were supplied in powdered form and stored at −20 °C (Table 1).
Paclitaxel and SAHA were supplied from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). cisplatin and panobinostat were supplied from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Stock solutions of Paclitaxel, panobinostat, and SAHA were prepared using 100% dimenthyl sulfoxide (DMSO; Sigma-Aldrich). Aliquots were stored at −20 °C. cisplatin was prepared using sterile normal saline and stored at −4 °C. cisplatin solution was discarded at 30 days. All drug concentrations were taken from published IC₅₀ concentrations relevant to each cell line, as demonstrated in Table 2.

Bilbao M., Katz C., Kass S.L., Smith D., Hunter K., Warshal D., Aikins J.K, & Ostrovsky O. (2021). Epigenetic Therapy Augments Classic Chemotherapy in Suppressing the Growth of 3D High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer Spheroids over an Extended Period of Time. Biomolecules, 11(11), 1711.

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Modeling Paclitaxel Resistance in Breast Cancer

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For paclitaxel resistance experiments, 8-well chamber slides were coated with COL1 (calf skin, Sigma-Aldrich) 100 μg/ml with or without COL6A3 (MyBioSource) 10 μg/ml diluted in 50 mM Hepes. 184AA3 cells were plated 24 h prior to drug treatment to coated chambers, followed by 24 h culturing with paclitaxel (0.1 μM, Sigma-Aldrich). Proliferation rate was analyzed by using Click-iT® Plus Edu imaging kit (Molecular probes). For paclitaxel IC50 analysis, 96-well plates were coated with COL1 (calf skin, Sigma-Aldrich) 100 μg/ml with or without OPN 4 μg/ml. 184AA3 cells were plated 4 h prior to drug treatment to coated wells and culture media was supplemented with or without IL-8 (50 ng/ml) and OPN (50 ng/ml). Followed by 48 h culturing with 5 different concentration of paclitaxel (0.001–1 μg/ml, Sigma-Aldrich). Cell viability was analyzed by using CellTiter-Glo 2.0 Assay (Promega). paclitaxel was dissolved to DMSO, and control cultures were treated with equally diluted DMSO-solution.

Jokela T.A., Engelsen A.S., Rybicka A., Pelissier Vatter F.A., Garbe J.C., Miyano M., Tiron C., Ferariu D., Akslen L.A., Stampfer M.R., Lorens J.B, & LaBarge M.A. (2018). Microenvironment-Induced Non-sporadic Expression of the AXL and cKIT Receptors Are Related to Epithelial Plasticity and Drug Resistance. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 6, 41.

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Evaluating α2A-AR Agonist Clonidine's Effects

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To assess the effects of the activation of spinal α₂_A_–AR on nociceptive behaviors, we intrathecally administered the agonist clonidine (Sigma-Aldrich, United States) at 3 doses: 0.1 μg (DMSO: n = 6; paclitaxel n = 7), 1 μg (DMSO: n = 7; paclitaxel n = 7) or 10 μg (DMSO: n = 8; paclitaxel n = 6). clonidine was dissolved in 0.9% saline solution and the respective control groups were injected with saline (DMSO: n = 7; paclitaxel n = 6). Mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity were evaluated before and 30 min after clonidine injection, which has previously been shown to be the time of the maximal drug effect (Yaksh et al., 1995 (link)). In order to evaluate possible sedative effects of the higher clonidine dose (10 μg), 2 additional animals were tested in the rotarod as described previously (Vanderah et al., 2001 (link)). Briefly, the test was performed using DMSO-injected animals after training once a day for three consecutive days. Training consisted on placing the rats on a rotating rod (Ugo Basile, Varese, Italy) with the rate of rotation set at 10 rpm, until they fell off or until reaching a cutoff time set at 180 s. The evaluated animals remained on the rod for 180 s which indicates that the animals did not have motor impairments after clonidine injection.

Costa-Pereira J.T., Ribeiro J., Martins I, & Tavares I. (2020). Role of Spinal Cord α2-Adrenoreceptors in Noradrenergic Inhibition of Nociceptive Transmission During Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 13, 1413.

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Cytotoxic Effects of Colchicine and Paclitaxel on A. islandica

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Assessment of the impact of colchicine and paclitaxel on cells of A. islandica was performed via progressive addition of colchicine (Sigma-Aldrich) or paclitaxel (Sigma-Aldrich) to the medium to a final concentration of 5, 10 or 20 µg ml⁻¹ for colchicine, and 0.1, 1, 10 or 100 µM for paclitaxel. Lysotracker Yellow H-123 viable dye (Thermo Fisher Scientific) was added simultaneously to a final concentration of 0.3 µМ (Declés et al., 2008 (link)). All experiments were conducted in triplicate.

Bedoshvili Y., Gneusheva K., Popova M., Morozov A, & Likhoshway Y. (2018). Anomalies in the valve morphogenesis of the centric diatom alga Aulacoseira islandica caused by microtubule inhibitors. Biology Open, 7(8), bio035519.

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Lung Type II Epithelial Cell Response

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The human lung type II epithelial cell line A549 (Stem Cell Bank, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China) was cultured in DMEM (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) culture medium with 10% FBS (FBS, Gibco, Grand Island, NY, USA), 100 U/mL streptomycin and 100 U/mL penicillin (Millipore, TMS-AB2-C) at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO₂.28 (link) Cells were grown to confluence before LPS and paclitaxel treatment. Cells were incubated with different doses of LPS (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) (1, 2.5, 5, 10 μg/mL) and different time-points (6, 12, 24, 48 hrs). Cells were then treated with different doses of paclitaxel (1, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20 nM) (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA). Cells and cell culture medium were collected and stored at −80°C for various measurements.

Wang Y.M., Ji R., Chen W.W., Huang S.W., Zheng Y.J., Yang Z.T., Qu H.P., Chen H., Mao E.Q., Chen Y, & Chen E.Z. (2019). Paclitaxel alleviated sepsis-induced acute lung injury by activating MUC1 and suppressing TLR-4/NF-κB pathway. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 13, 3391-3404.

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Paclitaxel Chemotherapy Protocol in Mice

Cited 1 time

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Paclitaxel (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was dissolved and injected as described previously [33 (link)]. Briefly, Paclitaxel was dissolved in 1:1 100% EtOH:Cremophor EL (Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA) and then diluted 1:1 with sterile PBS. Unless otherwise stated, mice were given a series of six intraperitoneal, 100 μL injections of chemotherapy (30 mg/kg body mass) or vehicle every other day for 11 days as a mouse equivalent of a clinically-relevant treatment regimen used to treat breast cancer in women (4-8 cycles of chemotherapy). Body mass and food intake were recorded every 48 h, at least two days prior to injections (baseline measurements), and on the days of drug injections to assess the time course of chemotherapy-induced body mass loss and anorexia during and following treatment. Average daily food intake was calculated and body mass was measured and presented as a percent change from baseline.

Sullivan K.A., Grant C.V., Jordan K., Vickery S, & Pyter L.M. (2020). Voluntary wheel running ameliorates select paclitaxel chemotherapy-induced sickness behaviors and associated melanocortin signaling. Behavioural brain research, 399, 113041.

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Paclitaxel Administration in Mice

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Mice were treated with the taxane-based chemotherapeutic paclitaxel (Sigma-Aldrich). paclitaxel was reconstituted at a concentration of 10 mg/mL in 1:1 EtOH:Cremophor-EL (Millipore). Each mouse in the experimental group received an i.v. dose of 10 mg/Kg paclitaxel (200 μL total volume) every 5 days, for a total of three doses. The control group received an i.v. injection of 200 μL 1:1 EtOH:Cremophor-EL.

Karagiannis G.S., Bianchi A., Sanchez L.R., Ambadipudi K., Cui M.H., Anampa J.M., Asiry S., Wang Y., Harney A.S., Pastoriza J.M., Lin Y., Chen X., Jones J.G., Entenberg D., Haddad D., Hodges L.J., Duong T.Q., Sparano J.A., Oktay M.H., Branch C.A, & Condeelis J.S. (2022). Assessment of MRI to estimate metastatic dissemination risk and prometastatic effects of chemotherapy. NPJ Breast Cancer, 8, 101.

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Paclitaxel administration in mice

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The experimental design, time points, and downstream analyses are depicted in Figure 1a. Paclitaxel was administered on Days 0, 2, 4, and 6. Paclitaxel (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA) was dissolved in (1:1 Cremophor: Ethanol) and further diluted in 0.9% NaCl to make a final concentration of 0.4 mg/mL. Six-week-old mice were injected intraperitoneally with either vehicle or Paclitaxel at a volume of 10 mL/kg bodyweight to make a final concentration of 4 mg/kg (cumulative 16 mg/kg).

Cirrincione A.M., Reimonn C.A., Harrison B.J, & Rieger S. (2022). Longitudinal RNA Sequencing of Skin and DRG Neurons in Mice with Paclitaxel-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy. Data, 7(6), 72.

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Paclitaxel-Resistant TNBC Cell Lines

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The human TNBC cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 were obtained from The Cell Bank of Type Culture Collection of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China) and cultured in DMEM medium (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) supplemented with 10% FBS (HyClone; GE Healthcare Life Sciences) in a humidified incubator at 37°C with 5% CO₂. To establish paclitaxel-resistant cell lines, MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells were cultured with 1 µM paclitaxel (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) for 60 days. The medium with 1 µM paclitaxel was changed every 3 days. GA (Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China) was dissolved in DMSO (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) and stored at −20°C.

Wang Y., Sui Y, & Tao Y. (2019). Gambogic acid increases the sensitivity to paclitaxel in drug-resistant triple-negative breast cancer via the SHH signaling pathway. Molecular Medicine Reports, 20(5), 4515-4522.

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