Ferroelectric hysteresis loops and switching current were collected from the current density–voltage (J–V) curves via the double-wave method in a physical properties measurement system (PPMS-9, Quantum Design)39 (link),40 (link). Dielectric measurements were carried out using an Impedance analyzer (E4990A). The temperature was controlled by a Linkam Scientific Instruments HFS600E-PB4 system. The magnetodielectric effects were measured using an Agilent 4980 A LCR meter in a cryogen-free superconducting magnet system (Oxford Instruments, TeslatronPT). For the ferroelectric, dielectric, and magnetodielectric measurements, Pt top electrodes with an area of 8 × 10−4 cm2 and the VAN films grown on Nb-STO substrates were used. The magnetic measurements were carried out using a PPMS-9 and a superconducting quantum interface device magnetometer (SQUID, Quantum Design).
Ppms 9
Manufactured by Quantum Design
Sourced in United States
The PPMS-9 is a physical property measurement system (PPMS) designed by Quantum Design. It is a versatile laboratory equipment used for the characterization of a wide range of physical properties of materials, including magnetic, electrical, and thermal properties. The PPMS-9 provides a controlled environment for sample measurement with precise temperature and magnetic field control.
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Lab products found in correlation
Nicolet 6700, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (6 mentions)
Zetasizer nano zs90, by Malvern Panalytical (4 mentions)
Mpms xl 7, by Quantum Design (3 mentions)
D8 advance, by Bruker (3 mentions)
Mpms xl 5, by Quantum Design (3 mentions)
Nicolet is50, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
Nano zs90, by Malvern Panalytical (2 mentions)
Squid vsm, by Quantum Design (2 mentions)
Jsm 6701f, by JEOL (2 mentions)
Vertex 70, by Bruker (2 mentions)
S 4800, by Hitachi (2 mentions)
2000 spectrophotometer, by PerkinElmer (2 mentions)
Spectrum one, by PerkinElmer (2 mentions)
Ppms 16, by Quantum Design (2 mentions)
Mpms 5, by Quantum Design (2 mentions)
Escalab 250xi, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
K alpha, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Mpms xl7 squid magnetometer, by Quantum Design (1 mentions)
Nano zs zen 3600, by Malvern Panalytical (1 mentions)
Merlin compact, by Zeiss (1 mentions)
78 protocols using ppms 9
1
Characterizing Ferroelectric and Magnetodielectric Properties
2
Magnetic Measurements of Compounds 1-3
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DC Magnetic measurements were performed with a MPMS-XL-7 SQUID magnetometer (Quantum Design, San Diego, CA, USA) with an applied magnetic field of 1000 Oe (0.1 T) in the temperature range 2–300 K on polycrystalline samples of compounds 1 –3 with masses of 2.961, 15.671 and 2.337 mg, respectively. Isothermal magnetization measurements were performed at 2 K with magnetic fields up to 7 T. AC susceptibility measurements were performed on the same samples with an oscillating magnetic field of 4 Oe at low temperatures in the frequency range 10–10,000 Hz with a Quantum Design PPMS-9 (Quantum Design, San Diego, CA, USA) and with different applied DC fields. Susceptibility data were corrected for the sample holders and for the diamagnetic contribution of the salts using Pascal’s constants [80 (link)].
3
Synchrotron and Neutron Diffraction of Polycrystalline Barium
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Polycrystalline samples of Ba Synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data were collected over the angular range 5 < 2 < 85, using X-rays of wavelength 0.82465 Å, as determined by a structural refinement of a diluted NIST SRM660b LaB 6 standard, on the powder diffractometer at BL-10 beamline of the Australian Synchrotron 22 . The samples were housed in 0.2 mm diameter capillaries that were rotated during the measurements. For the neutron diffraction measurements the sample was sealed in a 5 mm diameter vanadium can, to minimize the effect of neutron absorption by Ir, and the neutron powder diffraction data were obtained using the high resolution powder diffractometer Echidna at ANSTO's OPAL facility at Lucas Heights 23 . The wavelengths of the incident neutrons, obtained using (335) and (331) reflections of a germanium monochromator, were 1.6220 Å and 2.4395 Å, respectively, as determined using data collected for a certified NIST SRM660b LaB 6 standard. This instrument has a maximum resolution of Δd/d ~ 1 x 10 -3 .
Structure refinements using the Rietveld method were carried out using the GSAS 24 program with the EXPGUI 25 front-end.
DC magnetic susceptibilities were measured using a Quantum Design PPMS9. Magnetic susceptibility data were collected from 300 K to 2 K using the vibrating sample magnetometer technique.
Structure refinements using the Rietveld method were carried out using the GSAS 24 program with the EXPGUI 25 front-end.
DC magnetic susceptibilities were measured using a Quantum Design PPMS9. Magnetic susceptibility data were collected from 300 K to 2 K using the vibrating sample magnetometer technique.
4
Comprehensive Physicochemical Characterization of Nanoparticles
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Scanning electron microscope (SEM, Zeiss Merlin Compact) was used to observe the morphology and size of the prepared nanoparticles. X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS, X-MAX-20mm2) was used to determine the elemental composition of the nanoparticles. A transmission electron microscope (TEM) image was taken using a Talos F200X microscope. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA, Shimadzu TGA-50) was used to detect the mass percentage of different substances of FMPBs. Quantum Design PPMS-9 (USA) was used to measure the magnetic property of nanoparticles. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of FMPB nanoparticles was measured by Bruker/D8ADVANCE (DE). Using TriStar II 3020 (USA), the Bernauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) pore size distribution and diameter of FMPB nanoparticles were tested. The dynamic light scattering (DLS) diameter and zeta potential of FMPBs at 25°C were measured by NanoZSZEN3600 (Malvern Instruments). The photothermal conversion performance of FMPB nanoparticles was tested using a laser-producing setup (Shanghai Connor Fiber Co., Ltd). The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum of FMPBs was measured by Nicolet Nexus 670. The FTIR data were collected in the range of 500 to 4,000 cm−1. The Hitachi spectrometer was used to monitor the Fenton response of FMPBs.
5
Synthesis and Characterization of Y1-xLuxMnO3
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We synthesized powder samples using a solid-state reaction method following the recipe as described in the literature38 . We then grew single crystals of Y1−xLuxMnO3 (with typical size of 5 × 5 × 40 mm3) by using a commercial optical floating zone furnace (Crystal Systems, Japan). Our subsequent powder and single crystal XRD confirmed that all our samples are prepared in high quality. We also measured the bulk properties (susceptibility and heat capacity) of all the samples to further confirm the quality by using a commercial set-up (MPMS5XL and PPMS9, Quantum Design USA).
6
Comprehensive Characterization of Antibody-Conjugated Magnetic Nanoparticles
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Zetasizer Nano-ZS 90 (Malvern Instruments, Ltd., UK) was used to determine the particle size and potential of IMLs. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used for the micromorphology of different IMLs. Magnetic hysteresis loops of these magnetic particles were detected using PPMS-9 (QUANTUM DESIGN, USA). An ultraviolet spectrophotometer was used to confirm the presence of antibodies on the surface of IMLs and to analyze the antibody content qualitatively. A bicinchoninic acid assay (BCA assay) was used to quantitatively analyze the antibody content of these IMLs. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) was used to detect the antibody content and to confirm the presence of the antibodies on the surface of these IMLs.
7
Synthesis and Characterization of MnFe2O4 Nanoparticles
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MnFe2O4 NMs were synthesized as described in previous research [21 (link)]. Briefly, 1.984 g of MnCl2·4H2O and 5.400 g of FeCl3·6H2O were mixed with 20 mL of ethylene glycol. The mixture was stirred until complete dissolution was achieved, followed by a dropwise addition of 5 mol·L−1 NaOH until the pH reached 11. The solution was further stirred for 10 min until a red-brown color was observed. The resulting mixture was then transferred into a 50 mL Teflon-lined reactor for hydrothermal synthesis at 200 °C for 12 h. The synthesized product was subsequently vacuum dried for 6 h to obtain MnFe2O4 NMs. A transmission electron microscope (TEM, JEM-2100, Nippon Electronics, Toyko, JPN) was used to observe the size and shape of MnFe2O4 NMs. The zeta potential and hydrodynamic diameter of MnFe2O4 NMs were analyzed by a Zetasizer (Nano-ZS90, Malvern Instruments, Malvern, UK). The different phases and magnetic behavior of MnFe2O4 NMs were identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD, D8 Advance, AXS, Berlin, GER) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM, PPMS-9, Quantum Design, Columbus, OH, USA), respectively.
8
Comprehensive Characterization of Magnetic and Electrical Properties
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Magnetic properties were investigated from to and in magnetic fields up to , applied perpendicular to the crystallographic b-axis, using a Quantum Design MPMS-XL superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer. The heat capacity was measured in the temperature interval employing the relaxation technique and two- model implemented in a Quantum Design PPMS-9 platform.
Electrical transport measurements were performed on a bar-shaped specimen cut from the oriented crystal using a wire saw. Electrical contacts were made by silver wires of diameter , attached to the specimen’s surface in a linear manner with a single-component silver paste. The experiments were carried out in the same PPMS platform in the temperature range employing a standard four-points ac technique and electrical current flowing within the crystallographic ac-plane.
Electrical transport measurements were performed on a bar-shaped specimen cut from the oriented crystal using a wire saw. Electrical contacts were made by silver wires of diameter , attached to the specimen’s surface in a linear manner with a single-component silver paste. The experiments were carried out in the same PPMS platform in the temperature range employing a standard four-points ac technique and electrical current flowing within the crystallographic ac-plane.
9
Comprehensive Characterization of Magnetic, Dielectric, and Thermal Properties
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All measurements of magnetic properties M(H), χ(T) and M(E) were performed in a Quantum Design MPMS-XL7. The dielectric constant ε(T), specific heat CP(T), electric polarization P(T) and P(H) properties were performed using Quantum Design PPMS-9. ε(T) was measured with 1 V a.c. electric field applied along the c axis using a Quadtech 7600 LCR meter at 44 kHZ. Specific heat measurements were conducted using the standard relaxation method. P(T) and P(H) were obtained by integrating the pyroelectric current J(T) and magnetoelectric current J(H), which were measured using Keithely 617 programmable electrometer at 5 K/min warming rate and ramping magnetic field with 200 Oe/s.
10
Hall Measurements of Thin Films
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Hall measurements were conducted with a standard measurement geometry, as shown in Fig. 2a, b . The room-temperature Hall measurement was performed on a homemade probe station that was equipped with a rotating stage and an electromagnet (GEM 120, RNDWARE), and the low-temperature Hall measurement was performed using a Physical Property Measurement System (PPMS-9, Quantum Design). The OOP and IP directions were precisely determined by rotating the sample stage with an accuracy of 1°. The IP magnetic field was applied along the current direction to avoid possible artefacts from the planar Hall effect. Additionally, the magnetization was determined using a VSM (LakeShore 7400). The linear background signal originating from the substrate was subtracted by independent measurements of the signal from the bare substrate.
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