Reagents were used from manufacturer without additional purification: phosphoric acid, fumed silica, titanium isoproproxide and KOH Pellets were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Sodium hydroxide (98%), nitric acids (70% optima) and trace metal grade hydrochloric acid were purchased from Fisher. La, Ce, Lu ICP standards were purchased form Fluka in 1000 mg/L concentrations. ICP single elemental certified standards of: Th, Ag, Ba, Rh, Ce, and La were purchased from SPEX Certiprep. All solutions were prepared using Milli-Q water and all experiments were conducted at room temperature. All the chemicals used were of analytical reagent grade. Buffers were prepared from previously prepared 0.5 N Sodium Acetate buffer and adjusted with 8 N HCl or 10 M NaOH. Initial and equilibrium pH readings were obtained using a Denver Instruments UB-10 pH/mV meter calibrated at pH 2.0, 4.0 and 7.0. Since Ba chemically behaves similarly to Ra and La is chemically similar to 225Ac for some studies Ba and La can be used as surrogates. 225Ac radiotracer was supplied by Oak Ridge National Laboratory as a dried sample, and the sample was dissolved in 0.1 M HCl solution prior to use. 223Ra and 227Th were present in some 225Ac samples as a result of the decay of 227Ac.
Fumed silica
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, India
Fumed silica is an inorganic compound that is produced by the combustion of silicon tetrachloride in a hydrogen-oxygen flame. It is a fine, white, amorphous powder with a high specific surface area. Fumed silica is used as a thickening, reinforcing, and anti-caking agent in various applications.
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Lab products found in correlation
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (4 mentions)
Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Tetraethyl orthosilicate, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Sodium chloride (nacl), by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Tetraethylammonium hydroxide, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Ethanol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Sodium aluminate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Methanol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Adipic acid dihydrazide, by Tokyo Chemical Industry (2 mentions)
Hplc grade acetonitrile, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Potassium hydroxide, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Potassium ferricyanide, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Artificial human plasma, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Glacial acetic acid, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Al2o3, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Bisphenol a glycerolate dimethacrylate bis gma, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Trace metal grade hydrochloric acid, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
48 protocols using fumed silica
1
Radionuclide Separation and Purification
2
Lipid Depletion from Fetal Bovine Serum
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Fumed silica (0.007µ, Sigma) was used to deplete lipids from foetal bovine serum (FBS) [31 (link),32 (link)]. Serum was incubated with 20 mg of Fumed silica per mL of serum and incubated overnight. The mixture was centrifuged at 2000× g for 15 min and serum was recovered, then treated with an equal volume of the Vertrel XF (Sigma), shaken and then centrifuged at 2000× g for 15 min. The supernatant was collected and used as a source of FBS in cell culture to assess the effect of lipid depletion on virus yields.
3
Cement-Based Composites with Halloysite
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The samples were prepared with CEM I 52.5 Portland cement. Sand SATAF 113 (siliceous sand, 0.2–0.35 mm) was received by SATAF. Halloysite nanotubes (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, BET, surface area = 26 ± 1 m2/g) were obtained from Imerys. Benzotriazole (99%) and fumed silica (>99%, BET surface area = 395 ± 25 m2/g) were supplied by Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Acetone (99.8%) was purchased from Carlo Erba (Cornaredo, Italy).
4
Hepatocyte Lipid Metabolism Analysis
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Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), Met/Cys-free DMEM, Williams Medium E, Hepatozyme medium, fetal bovine serum (FBS), and antibiotic/antimycotic were purchased from Invitrogen Canada (Burlington, ON). Heparin, fibronectin, and fumed silica were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Oakville, ON). The Primaria dishes were from BD Biosciences (Mississauga, ON), and the [35S]Met/Cys was obtained from MP Biochemicals (Solon, OH). Protease inhibitor cocktail and chemiluminescent substrates were purchased from Roche Diagnostics (Laval, PQ). The antibody to detect hHL (by immunoblot analysis) was obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. (Santa Cruz, CA, USA), the antibodies to detect mouse apoE and apoA-I (for immunoblot and immunoprecipitation) were purchased from BioDesign International (Saco, ME, USA), and the antibodies to detect mouse calnexin and giantin were obtained from Stressgen Bioreagents (Ann Arbor, MI, USA) and Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA), respectively. The anti-hHL antibody used for immunoprecipitation of HL was a kind gift from Dr. Ann White (University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center).
5
Silica-based hydrogels for swelling studies
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Laponite XLG and Laponite XLS (BYK Additives & Instruments, kindly donated by Cosichem & Analytical, Romania), the two commercial brands of hydrophilic pyrogenic silica (fumed silica, FS, Sigma and HDK N20 pyrogenic silica, HDK, Wacker Silicones), methacrylic acid (MAA, Jansen Chemistry, 99%), N,N’-methylenebisacrylamide (BIS, 99%, Sigma Aldrich), ammonium persulfate (APS, Sigma Aldrich, 98%), methylene blue (MB, Loba Chemie, 95%), and crystal violet (CV, Loba Chemie, 96%) were used as received. Unmodified montmorillonite (Mt, Cloisite Na, a gift from Southern Clay Products Inc. Gonzales, TX, USA) was purified by the method previously described [43 (link)]. The characteristics of both reinforcing agents in water and their aqueous dispersions, determined by us, are displayed in Table 1 . Deionized water (DI, 18.2 MΩ resistivity) was employed as the solvent for all syntheses. The swelling investigations were performed in DI (pH 5.4), HCl solution (pH 1.2), PBS solution (0.01 M, pH 7.4) obtained from tablets (Phosphate Buffered Saline, Sigma) and NaHCO3-Na2CO3 buffer (0.01 M, pH 9.5), whose ionic strength was adjusted by adding NaCl to make it equal to that of PBS (I = 0.17).
6
Fabrication of Polymer Electrolyte Film
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PVdF–HFP polymer (2.0 g; Sigma-Aldrich)
was dissolved in 20 mL of acetone with 4 wt % fumed silica (Sigma-Aldrich).
The resultant solution was heated in an oil bath at 50 °C for
2 h with vigorous stirring, followed by resting at the same temperature
for 1 h to make sure that no bubble remained. The solution was spread
as a film on aluminum foil using a graduated blade. Then, the polymer
film was dried at 80 °C in a vacuum oven. After cooling to room
temperature, the polymer film was immersed into a pool of 1 M NaClO4/TEGDME for at least 24 h. The moistened film was wiped with
filter paper to remove the residual liquid electrolyte before use.
was dissolved in 20 mL of acetone with 4 wt % fumed silica (Sigma-Aldrich).
The resultant solution was heated in an oil bath at 50 °C for
2 h with vigorous stirring, followed by resting at the same temperature
for 1 h to make sure that no bubble remained. The solution was spread
as a film on aluminum foil using a graduated blade. Then, the polymer
film was dried at 80 °C in a vacuum oven. After cooling to room
temperature, the polymer film was immersed into a pool of 1 M NaClO4/TEGDME for at least 24 h. The moistened film was wiped with
filter paper to remove the residual liquid electrolyte before use.
7
Synthesis of Zeolite Beta Precursor
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The zeolite βseeds were prepared from the mixture with a molar composition of SiO2: 0.02 Al2O3: 0.028 Na2O: 0.6 TEAOH: 0.2 HCl: 20 H2O. In a typical synthesis, 14.7 cm3 of 25% tetraethylammonium hydroxide (35% TEAOH, Sigma-Aldrich, Grajewo, Poland) was mixed with 2.25 cm3 of 3.70 M HCl (37%, POCh, Gliwice, Poland). Then, 2.5 g of fumed silica (Sigma-Aldrich, Grajewo, Poland) was added under vigorous stirring. After 30 min, 0.1906 g of sodium aluminate (NaAlO2, Riedel-de-Haën, Toruń, Poland) dissolved in 2.9 cm3 water was added, and the reaction mixture was stirred for the next 30 min. The obtained gel was aged at 150 °C for 22 h under static conditions, yielding the zeolite βprecursor.
8
Synthesis of Magnesium Silicate Nanoparticles
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Magnesium powder (99.98%) of −325 mesh grade and ethanol (absolute) were purchased from VWR. Ammonium hydroxide solution (28%), tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS 99.9%) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Fumed silica was also purchased and used as received from Sigma-Aldrich.
9
Delipidation of Fetal Bovine Serum
10
Delipidation of Fetal Bovine Serum
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Normal or dialyzed FBS (GIBCO) was delipidated by first stirring 20 mg/mL fumed silica (Sigma) for 3 hr in ambient conditions. FBS slurry was then clarified by repeated centrifugation at 2000 g for 20 min. Supernatant was then sterile filtered (0.2 mm), aliquoted, and stored at _20C for future use.
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