Viscosimetric measurements provide noteworthy information regarding formulation, application/sensorial properties and structural stability during shelf life. The rheological behavior of the creams was analyzed using a HaakeTM MARSTM 60 Rheometer (ThermoFisher Scientific, Germany) with a controlled temperature maintained by a thermostatic circulator and a Peltier temperature module (TM-PE-P) for cones and plates. Data were analyzed with Haake Rheowin® Data Manager v.4.82.0002 software (ThermoFisher Scientific, Germany). Throughout the experimental analysis, temperature was maintained at 32 °C. For each test, approximately 1.0 g of each formulation was placed on the lower plate before slowly lowering the upper geometry to the predetermined trimming gap of 1.1 mm. After trimming the excess material, the geometry gap was set at 1 mm. Rotational and oscillatory measurements were performed sequentially on each sample for a thorough rheological characterization [3 (link)]. Rotational tests enable us to evaluate small periodic deformations that determine breakdown or structural rearrangement and hysteresis, while oscillatory tests allow us to analyze material viscoelastic properties when they are exposed to small-amplitude deformation forces. All rheological studies were performed in triplicate.
Haake mars 60 rheometer
Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in Germany, Japan, United States
The HAAKE MARS 60 rheometer is a high-performance instrument for rheological measurements. It is designed to characterize the flow and deformation properties of a wide range of materials, including polymers, dispersions, and complex fluids. The rheometer provides precise control over shear, strain, and temperature, enabling accurate and reproducible measurements of various rheological parameters.
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21 protocols using haake mars 60 rheometer
1
Rheological Characterization of Cream Formulations
2
Rheological Analysis of Samples
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The rheological analysis was carried out in a HAAKETM MARSTM 60 Rheometer (ThermoFisher Scientific, Karlsruhe, Germany) with controlled temperature maintained by a thermostatic circulator and peltier temperature module (TM-PE-P) for cones and plates. All data were analyzed with HAAKE Rheowin® Data Manager v.4.82.0002 software (ThermoFisher Scientific, Karlsruhe, Germany). Statistical analysis was performed using JMP v.17 software (Cary, IL, USA).
Viscosity measurements were also performed using a Rotavisc Lo-vi viscosimeter (IKA®, Werke GmnH & Co. KG, Mindelheim, Germany) with SP12 spindle at 1 rpm. These measurements were performed at 20 °C.
Viscosity measurements were also performed using a Rotavisc Lo-vi viscosimeter (IKA®, Werke GmnH & Co. KG, Mindelheim, Germany) with SP12 spindle at 1 rpm. These measurements were performed at 20 °C.
3
Rheological Characterization of Polymer Curing
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Rheological measurements were conducted using a HAAKE MARS 60 rheometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Germany) equipped with parallel plates (35 mm in diameter). The distance between the plates was 1 mm. The temperature was set at 423 K, 433 K, and 443 K, respectively. The frequency was fixed at 1 Hz, and the shear stress was 30 Pa. Gelation time for isothermal curing was determined as the point where storage (G’) and loss modulus (G”) intersected.
4
Rheological Characterization of ABPBI Solutions
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Rheological studies were carried out on a HAAKE MARS 60 rheometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Karlsruhe, Germany) using the following geometries:
In the stationary deformation mode, the flow curves were obtained in the range of shear rates 10–1–103 s–1. To determine the area of linear viscoelasticity for the subsequent measurement of the frequency dependences of the storage and loss moduli, the complex modulus of elasticity was preliminarily measured in the strain range of 0.1–100% at frequencies of 1 Hz (6.3 rad∙s−1) and 80 Hz (503 rad∙s−1). The frequency dependences of the storage and loss moduli in the linear region were measured in the frequency range of 0.628–628 rad∙s−1.
The intrinsic viscosities were measured by an Ubbelohde capillary viscometer at 25 °C following ASTM D2857 [27 ].
cone-plate with a diameter of 20 mm and an angle between the cone and the plate of 1° (for solutions containing 9% of ABPBI);
cone-plate with a diameter of 60 mm and an angle between the cone and the plate of 1° (for solutions containing 7% of ABPBI);
a bicone with a diameter of 60 mm and an angle between the cone and the plates of 1° (for solutions with ABPBI content of 3%).
In the stationary deformation mode, the flow curves were obtained in the range of shear rates 10–1–103 s–1. To determine the area of linear viscoelasticity for the subsequent measurement of the frequency dependences of the storage and loss moduli, the complex modulus of elasticity was preliminarily measured in the strain range of 0.1–100% at frequencies of 1 Hz (6.3 rad∙s−1) and 80 Hz (503 rad∙s−1). The frequency dependences of the storage and loss moduli in the linear region were measured in the frequency range of 0.628–628 rad∙s−1.
The intrinsic viscosities were measured by an Ubbelohde capillary viscometer at 25 °C following ASTM D2857 [27 ].
5
High-Temperature Fracturing Fluid Stability
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In this work, the high temperature stability of the samples was evaluated by the performance evaluation industry standard of water-based fracturing fluid (SY/T 5107-2016) [48 ]. The instrument used in the experiment was Haake Mars 60 rheometer (Thermo Fisher, Karlsruhe, Germany). The specific test method was as follows:
The shear rate was set to 170 s−1 and the heating rate was 1.8 °C/min. After reaching the target temperature, the viscosity change was observed after constant temperature shearing for 60 min. The industry standard requires that the viscosity of fracturing fluid should be at least 20 mPa·s to meet the requirements of fracturing fluid transportation proppants [25 (link),44 (link),49 ].
The shear rate was set to 170 s−1 and the heating rate was 1.8 °C/min. After reaching the target temperature, the viscosity change was observed after constant temperature shearing for 60 min. The industry standard requires that the viscosity of fracturing fluid should be at least 20 mPa·s to meet the requirements of fracturing fluid transportation proppants [25 (link),44 (link),49 ].
6
Preparation and Characterization of Cellulose-PAN-NMMO Solutions
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At the first stage of the preparation of mixed spinning solutions, solid-phase polymer systems (cellulose-PAN-NMMO) were subjected to preliminary activation under conditions of all-around compression and shear deformation according to the procedure described in [24 ,35 ]. To obtain liquid solutions, the activated solid-phase pre-solutions were passed through the operating zone of a HAAKE Minilab II twin-screw laboratory mixer (ThermoFisher Scientific, Dreieich, Germany) at a temperature of 120 °C and a screw rotation speed of 100 rpm.
The viscosity of the solutions was evaluated on a HAAKE MARS 60 Rheometer (ThermoFisher Scientific, Dreieich, Germany) and a Physica MCR 301 (Anton Paar, GmbH, Graz, Austria) rotary rheometer. As operating units, a cone-plane with a diameter of 20 mm and an angle of one degree under steady-state deformation in the shear stress τ range of 10–106 Pa and a cylinder-cylinder unit with an inner diameter of 10 mm were used. To exclude contact of the sample with the environment, the end of the gap was surrounded with PMS-100 silicone oil (Silan, Moscow, Russia). The tests were carried out in the temperature range of 110–130 °C.
The morphology of solutions was studied using polarizing microscopy (Boetius microscope, VEB Kombinat Nadema, Ruhla, Germany, former DDR).
The viscosity of the solutions was evaluated on a HAAKE MARS 60 Rheometer (ThermoFisher Scientific, Dreieich, Germany) and a Physica MCR 301 (Anton Paar, GmbH, Graz, Austria) rotary rheometer. As operating units, a cone-plane with a diameter of 20 mm and an angle of one degree under steady-state deformation in the shear stress τ range of 10–106 Pa and a cylinder-cylinder unit with an inner diameter of 10 mm were used. To exclude contact of the sample with the environment, the end of the gap was surrounded with PMS-100 silicone oil (Silan, Moscow, Russia). The tests were carried out in the temperature range of 110–130 °C.
The morphology of solutions was studied using polarizing microscopy (Boetius microscope, VEB Kombinat Nadema, Ruhla, Germany, former DDR).
7
Rheological Characterization of Gels
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The rheological properties of the gels were measured by means of HAAKE MARS 60 Rheometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Dreieich, Germany) using a cone-plate (CP) measuring cell (CP 20/1°). All rheological measurements were performed at 25 °C and 37 °C in duplicate. Temperature was controlled with accuracy of 0.1 °C by the Peltier elements.
The gels were kept in the measuring cell for 15 min before the measurements for the temperature stabilization.
At each temperature, the samples were measured in the following regimes:
The gels were kept in the measuring cell for 15 min before the measurements for the temperature stabilization.
At each temperature, the samples were measured in the following regimes:
Oscillation to obtain frequency dependences of the storage and loss moduli in the linear viscoelasticity range. The strain value was 0.5% and the frequency varied from 0.05 to 100 Hz;
Shear rate control mode to obtain flow curves; the shear rate was increased from 0.004 to 5000 s−1 in a step-wise mode, with a duration of deformation of 30 s at every shear rate step.
8
Rheological Characterization of Emulsions
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The rheological properties of the emulsions were investigated using a HAAKE MARS60 rheometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) equipped with a C35 1°/Ti rotor. The gap between the parallel plates was 0.053 mm and the test temperature was 25 °C. Stepwise rotational measurements were performed by varying the shear rate from 1000 to 1 s−1 to evaluate the viscosity and shear thinning behavior.
9
Rheological Properties of Surimi Pastes
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The rheological parameters (elastic modulus G′, viscous modulus G″, and tan δ) of unwashed mince and surimi pastes were tested using a HAAKE MARS 60 Rheometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Yokohama, Japan) from 10 to 90 °C at a rate of 2 °C per min, as described by Somjid et al. [4 (link)].
10
Viscosity Measurement of Paliperidone Derivatives
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The viscosities of amorphous paliperidone derivatives were measured at various temperatures using a HAAKE MARS 60 rheometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). Viscosity measurements were performed between two parallel plates 20 mm in diameter with a gap size of 0.3 mm. The crystalline powder of paliperidone derivatives was added and melted at 5°C above the Tm of the corresponding derivatives for 1 min to ensure no crystals remained. The system was then cooled to the desired temperature and isothermed for 2 min. Shear deformation was implemented at a rate of 1 s−1 with the temperature held constant, and the shear viscosity was recorded when the measurement reached a steady state.
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