Excelsior as

The serum ALT activity, AST activity, and ALP activity were determined using a microplate reader (PerkinElmer 2030), according to the instructions of the manufacturers. Briefly, for ALT activity analysis, ALT reacted with alanine and $\mathrm{\alpha }\text{-ketoglutarate}$ and produced pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid was then reacted with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) to form phenylhydrazone, which could be dissolved in sodium hydroxide and then detected at $505\hspace{0.17em}\text{nm}$ . For AST activity analysis, AST catalyzed aspartate and $\mathrm{\alpha }\text{-ketoglutarate}$ to form oxalacetate and glutamate. Oxalacetate could decarboxylate automatically to pyruvic acid, which could react with DNPH and then be detected at $510\text{\hspace{0.17em}nm}$ . For ALP activity analysis, ALP catalyzed disodium phenyl phosphate to form phenol, which could react with 4-aminoantipyrine and potassium ferricyanide and could be detected at $\sim 520\text{\hspace{0.17em}nm}$ . For pathological analysis, the mice liver tissues were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formaldehyde solution for 24 h, paraffin-processed (Excelsior AS and HistoStar; Thermo Scientific) and sectioned at $4\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{m}$ (Leica RM2125RTS). The sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and examined for histopathological changes under the microscope (Olympus DX45). The images were taken by the built-in software installed in the microscope.