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8 protocols using nah2po4

1

Smooth Muscle Contractility Assay Using Krebs-Henseleit Buffer

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For the transport and preparation of the smooth muscle strips and for the incubation in the organ bath, KH was used (in mmol/L: NaCl 115.0 (VWR International GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany), 4.7 KCl, 2.5 CaCl2, 1.2 MgCl2, 1.2 NaH2PO4, 25.0 NaHCO3 (all Carl Roth GmbH & Co. KG, Karlsruhe, Germany) and 11.0 glucose (VWR International GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany)). Before use, the buffer was gassed with carbogen (95% O2, 5% CO2) under constant temperature conditions (38 °C). The final pH of the buffer was 7.4. Furthermore, two buffer variations were used for the experiments: a calcium-free buffer (in mmol/L: NaCl 115.0 (VWR International GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany), 4.7 KCl, 1.2 MgCl2, 1.2 NaH2PO4, 25.0 NaHCO3 (all Carl Roth GmbH & Co. KG, Karlsruhe, Germany) and 11.0 glucose (VWR International GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany)) and a potassium-enriched buffer, containing potassium chloride instead of sodium chloride (in mmol/L: 123.4 KCl, 2.5 CaCl2, 1.2 MgCl2, 1.2 NaH2PO4, 25.0 NaHCO3 (all Carl Roth GmbH & Co. KG, Karlsruhe, Germany) and 11.0 glucose (VWR International GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany)).
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2

Lipids, Polymers, and Buffers for Biophysical Analysis

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DMPC and POPC were kind gifts from Lipoid (Ludwigshafen, Germany). SMA(2:1) (hydrolysed from styrene/maleic anhydride (2:1), tradename Xiran SZ30010) and SMA(3:1) (Xiran SL25010 S25) copolymer solutions were kind gifts from Polyscope (Geleen, Netherlands). DIBMA (Sokalan CP 9) was kindly provided by BASF (Ludwigshafen, Germany). D2O was purchased from Deutero (Kastellaun, Germany) and NaCl from VWR (Darmstadt, Germany). 85% (w/v) H3PO4 in D2O and Na2HPO4 were from Sigma–Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany), and Coomassie Brilliant Blue G250, NaH2PO4, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris), and Tris–HCl were from Carl Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany). All chemicals were purchased in the highest purity available.
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3

Carboxylesterase Conversion of CAP7.1 to Etoposide

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Example 1

The time-dependent conversion of CAP7.1 to etoposide by different carboxylesterases and foetal calf serum was analysed by incubating CAP7.1 with CES1, CES2 and CES3, respectively. 5 μM CAP7.1 was pre-incubated for 3 min in 999 μl 0.1 mol/l) sodium phosphate (NaH2PO4, Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany) pH 7.4 at 37° C. After that, CES1, CES2 and CES3, respectively, were added. Controls were incubated with 10% foetal calf serum (FCS, positive control) or in buffer (negative control). At different time points, aliquots were subjected to HPLC in order to analyse the formed products.

In FIG. 1, the levels of the etoposide formed are depicted. CES2 (square symbols) cleaves CAP7.1 as efficiently as the positive control FCS (X symbols). CES1 (diamond symbols) also efficiently cleaves CAP7.1, whereas in the case of CES3 (triangle symbols), substantially no cleavage of CAP7.1 is observed. The negative control (cross symbols) shows that CAP7.1 is stable under the chosen conditions.

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4

Carboxylesterase-Mediated Conversion of CAP7.1

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Example 1

The time-dependent conversion of CAP7.1 to etoposide by different carboxylesterases and foetal calf serum was analysed by incubating CAP7.1 with CES1, CES2 and CES3, respectively. 5 μM CAP7.1 was pre-incubated for 3 min in 999 μl 0.1 mol/l sodium phosphate (NaH2PO4, Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany) pH 7.4 at 37° C. After that, CES1, CES2 and CES3, respectively, were added. Controls were incubated with 10% foetal calf serum (FCS, positive control) or in buffer (negative control). At different time points, aliquots were subjected to HPLC in order to analyse the formed products.

In FIG. 1, the levels of the etoposide formed are depicted. CES2 (square symbols) cleaves CAP7.1 as efficiently as the positive control FCS (X symbols). CES1 (diamond symbols) also efficiently cleaves CAP7.1, whereas in the case of CES3 (triangle symbols), substantially no cleavage of CAP7.1 is observed. The negative control (cross symbols) shows that CAP7.1 is stable under the chosen conditions.

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5

Formulation of Perfluorooctylbromide Emulsions

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Purified soy phospholipid was a commercially available mixture (Lipoid S75, Lipoid, Ludwigshafen, Germany) containing ~70% phosphatidylcholine. Na2HPO4, NaH2PO4 and glycerol were from Carl Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany) and of analytical grade. Perfluorooctylbromide (purity 99%) and perfluorodecylbromide (purity 98%) were from ABCR (Karlsruhe, Germany).
The applied buffer contained 10 mM phosphate (7mM Na2HPO4, 3 mM NaH2PO4) and was isotonized with glycerol (2.5% w/w), the pH was adjusted to 7.2. For all preparation or analysis steps buffer was filtered and degased.
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6

Cultivation of Cyanobacteria and E. coli

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Aphanizomenon sp. ULC602, Anabaena sp. ULC080 and Microcystis sp. ULC 641 was obtained from a Belgian coordinated collection of microorganisms (BCCM, University of Liège, Cyanobacteria collection-ULC, Liège, Belgium) [5 (link)]. Aphanizomenon sp. ULC602 was grown in a 50% dilution of BG110 medium, which was prepared following the manufacturer’s guideline at laboratory room temperature (RT), 23 ± 1 °C, under continuous lighting. Anabaena sp. ULC080 was grown in BG110 medium (Table S1), which lacks a nitrate source, at 18 °C under continuous lighting. Microcystis sp. ULC641 was cultivated in standard BG11 medium prepared following the manufacturer’s guidelines (Table S2) at RT under continuous lighting. E. coli ATCC11330 from cultures collection of UWK (University for Continuing Education Krems) was grown in LB (Luria Broth) medium at 37 °C and 150 rpm. Chemicals for the preparation of culture media were purchased from CarlRoth (Vienna, Austria). Tris buffer, TCEP (tris-(2-carboxyethyl) phosphine hydrochloride), and 6-mercapto-1-hexanol (MCH) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). NaH2PO4, Na2HPO4, NaCl, MgCl2, and PBS (phosphate-buffered saline) were supplied by CarlRoth (Vienna, Austria).
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7

Cytochrome P450 Inhibition Assay

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PTX-2 standard was purchased from the National Research Council Institute for Marine Biosciences (Halifax, NS, Canada). Omeprazole, rifampicin, 3-methylcholanthrene, SR12813, CITCO, ethoxyresorufin, resorufin, and formate ammonium were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Reduced nicotinamide adeninedinucleotide phosphate (NADP+), glucose 6-phosphate (G6P), magnesium chloride hexahydrate, potassium chloride, Na2HPO4, and NaH2PO4 were purchased from Carl Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany). All of the other chemicals, including acetonitrile (ACN), methanol (MeOH), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were of analytical grade and purchased from Fisher Scientific (Leicestershire, UK). Formic acid was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). The deionised water was prepared using a Milli-Q system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). The β-naphtoflavone and phenobarbital-induced Sprague Dawley rat and human hepatic S9 fractions were purchased from Biopredic International (Rennes, France).
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8

Measuring MPO Activity in Cell Lysates

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MPO activity in cell lysates was determined by adding an aliquot of cell lysate to 43 mmol/L NaH 2 PO 4 (pH 5.4, Carl Roth), 1.2 mmol/L tetramethylbenzidine (Sigma) dissolved in dimethylformamide (Sigma) and 100 µmol/L H 2 O 2 . Absorbance kinetics was measured spectrophotometrically at 655 nm. MPO activity was adjusted for cell number as determined by cell counts from cells grown under the same conditions.
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