Naproxen sodium was from Sigma-Aldrich Company. Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride was from Malladi Drugs & Pharmaceuticals Limited, Chennai, India and kindly provided by Dr. Abidi Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Tehran, Iran. Methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile, hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide were of analytical grade and purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Naprocold® tablets containing 220 mg Naproxen sodium and 30 mg pseudoephedrine hydrochloride were from Iran Daru Co. (Tehran, Iran) which prepared from a local pharmacy.
Naproxen sodium
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
Naproxen sodium is a pharmaceutical compound used as an active ingredient in various laboratory products. It functions as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that helps reduce inflammation, pain, and fever. The product is commonly utilized in research and development settings to study the effects and properties of this chemical compound.
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Lab products found in correlation
Ibuprofen, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Diclofenac sodium salt, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Phosphate buffered saline (pbs), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Sodium pyruvate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Anhydrous calcium chloride, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium chloride (nacl), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Potassium chloride (kcl), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Indomethacin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
2 mercaptoethanol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Trizma base, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Acetylsalicylic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Acetaminophen, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Meloxicam sodium salt hydrate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Nimesulide, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Piroxicam, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium phosphate dibasic, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Acetic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
15 protocols using naproxen sodium
1
Naproxen Sodium and Pseudoephedrine Quantification
2
Kynurenine Pathway Regulation by NSAIDs
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L-Kynurenine sulfate salt (K3750), acetaminophen (A7085), acetylsalicylic acid (A5376), diclofenac sodium salt (D6899), ibuprofen (I4883), indomethacin (I7378), meloxicam sodium salt hydrate (M3935), naproxen sodium (M1275), nimesulide (N1016), piroxicam (P5654), reagents for Krebs Ringer buffer preparation: sodium chloride (S7653), potassium chloride (P9333), magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (M7506), calcium chloride anhydrous (C1016), sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate (71,505), sodium phosphate dibasic (S0876), glucose (G8270); dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (D1435); reagents for KATs analysis: Trizma base (T1503), acetic acid (A6283), pyridoxal 5′-phosphate hydrate (P9255), 2-mercaptoethanol (M3148), sodium pyruvate (P2256), and D-glutamine (D9003) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Substances needed to perform high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were purchased from J.T. Baker Chemicals and from Sigma-Aldrich. Most tested drugs were dissolved in DMSO, whereas naproxen was administered in an aqueous solution. DMSO was given to adequate control samples and its concentration was not higher than 5% [25 (link)].
3
Intravenous and Oral Drug Administration
4
Synthesis of Diclofenac Free Acid
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Naproxen free acid (NAP), naproxen sodium
(NAP–Na), and diclofenac sodium (DIC–Na) were acquired
from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Verapamil hydrochloride (VER–HCl)
was received from Orion Pharma (Espoo, Finland). Diclofenac free acid
(DIC) was prepared by dissolving DIC–Na in a sufficient quantity
of ultrapure water and adding an equimolar amount of HCl while stirring.
After 10 min, the precipitate was filtered and recrystallized from
ethyl acetate.
(NAP–Na), and diclofenac sodium (DIC–Na) were acquired
from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Verapamil hydrochloride (VER–HCl)
was received from Orion Pharma (Espoo, Finland). Diclofenac free acid
(DIC) was prepared by dissolving DIC–Na in a sufficient quantity
of ultrapure water and adding an equimolar amount of HCl while stirring.
After 10 min, the precipitate was filtered and recrystallized from
ethyl acetate.
5
Reconstructed Human Epidermis Topical Assay
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Diatomaceous earth, H2SO4 98%, H2O2 30%, triethoxy-octylsilane, potassium bromide, Naproxen sodium and all solvents (including ethanol, water and acetonitrile used at HPLC grade) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany). The reconstructed human epidermis models (Epiderm™, EPI-200) were obtained from Mattek Corp. (Ashland, MA, USA). Alexafluor 488 Phalloidin (cat. #A12379, dilution 1:500), paraformaldehyde, Triton X-100, bovine serum albumin, n-propylgallate and propidium iodide were purchased from Thermo Fischer Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA.
6
Pharmaceutical Compound Filtration Using NF Membranes
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The AFC tubular NF membranes were purchased from PCI membrane systems, Poland. The characteristics of the membranes are given in Table 1 . The caffeine (MW = 194.19 g/mol) and naproxen sodium (MW = 252.24 g/mol) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich. Paracetamol (MW = 151.16 g/mol) was bought from Penta chemicals, Prague. These were used for standard solution preparation for the calibration curve. The feed solutions used during filtration experiments were prepared from tablets as follows: caffeine 200 mg tablet, parapyrex 500 mg from Dr. Max Pharma Ltd. and Nalgesin S 275 mg (naproxen natrium salt) from KRKA pharmaceutical company. The tablets were ground using mortar and pestle, followed by ultrasonication of the solution for 30 min. This solution was then filtered using a 0.7 µm glass filter in a dead-end filtration unit at 0.5 bar vacuum and diluted as per requirement. Other chemicals, such as glycerol and sodium chloride (NaCl), were supplied by Lach-Ner. All the solutions were prepared using distilled water with conductivity less than 10 μS cm−1.
7
Colorimetric Cytotoxicity Assay Protocol
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Citric acid (C6H8O7; 99.5%; Merck), boric acid (H3BO3; 99.5%; Sigma Aldrich), sodium hydroxide (NaOH; Sigma Aldrich), naproxen sodium (C14H13NaO3; Sigma Aldrich), Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM, 98%; Sigma Aldrich), phosphate buffered saline (PBS; 99%; Sigma Aldrich), demineralized water and 3- salts [4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT). All chemicals were used directly without further purification.
8
Miniaturized Joint Model for Osteoarthritis Drug Screening
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After a 3‐day IL‐1β treatment of the SFT, naproxen sodium (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) was added at 5 × 10−6 m to all medium streams and remained for 4 days. IL‐1β treatment continued for another 4 days as well (7 days of treatment in total). The IL‐1β challenged miniJoint without naproxen treatment served as the control. The microtissues and SM were collected for the various analysis described above.
The utility of the miniJoint in drug screening was also assessed by introducing four potential DMOADs, including FGF18 (100 ng mL−1; Abcam), SOST protein (250 ng mL−1; R&D Systems), SM04690 (1 × 10−8m ; Seleck Chemicals, Houston, TX), and IL‐1RA (250 ng mL−1; Peprotech). To mimic the intraarticular use of these drugs, they were added only to SM and remained for 4 days in the inflamed miniJoint. IL‐1β treatment of the SFT continued for another 4 days as well (7 days of treatment in total).
The utility of the miniJoint in drug screening was also assessed by introducing four potential DMOADs, including FGF18 (100 ng mL−1; Abcam), SOST protein (250 ng mL−1; R&D Systems), SM04690 (1 × 10−8
9
Synthesis and Characterization of ATB-346
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ATB-346 (2-(6-methoxy-napthalen-2-yl)-propionic acid 4-thiocarbamoyl-phenyl ester) was provided by Antibe Therapeutics Inc. (Toronto, ON, Canada). Naproxen sodium and diallyl disulfide were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Oakville, ON, Canada). Isoflurane was obtained from Abbott Laboratories (Montreal, Canada). TBZ (4-hydroxythiobenzamide) was purchased from SynChem Inc. (Des Plaines, IL, USA).
10
Electrospun Fibrous Drug Carriers
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Levofloxacin ((S)-9-fluoro-2,3-dihydro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-7Hpyrido[1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzoxazine-6-carboxylic acid) >98%, M=361.37 g mol -1 ) and naproxen-sodium ((S)-6-Methoxy-α-methyl-2-naphthaleneacetic acid sodium salt, >98%, M = 252.24 g mol -1 ), which were obtained commercially from Sigma-Aldrich (Budapest, Hungary), were used as the APIs. Polylactic acid (PLA, GF45989881, M w ~ 85000-160000 g mol -1 nominal granule size of 3-5 mm, density 1.24 g cm -3 ) was chosen as the base of the core part of the fibres, and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP, Kollidon K90, average M w ~ 1500000 g mol -1 ) was chosen as the shell polymer; both of them were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Budapest, Hungary). Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (average degree of substitution (n) ~ 4.5, (1135.0 + n*58.1) g mol -1 ) was purchased from Cyclolab Ltd. (Budapest, Hungary).
Polysorbate 80 was purchased from Molar Chemicals (Budapest, Hungary). Absolute ethanol (Molar Chemicals, Budapest, Hungary) and distilled water were used to prepare the shell electrospinning precursor. As a solvent of the viscous solution of the core, chloroform (anhydrous grade, containing amylenes as stabilisers, >99%, Sigma Aldrich, Budapest, Hungary) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, anhydrous grade, 99.8%, Sigma Aldrich, Budapest, Hungary) were used. The materials were used without further purification.
Polysorbate 80 was purchased from Molar Chemicals (Budapest, Hungary). Absolute ethanol (Molar Chemicals, Budapest, Hungary) and distilled water were used to prepare the shell electrospinning precursor. As a solvent of the viscous solution of the core, chloroform (anhydrous grade, containing amylenes as stabilisers, >99%, Sigma Aldrich, Budapest, Hungary) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, anhydrous grade, 99.8%, Sigma Aldrich, Budapest, Hungary) were used. The materials were used without further purification.
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