Dulbecco s modified eagle s medium

A549 lung carcinoma cells were provided by the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Jilin University (Changchun, China). The A549 cells were maintained in plastic dishes (150 mm) with RPMI-1640 (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Shanghai BaiJin Chemical Group Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China), 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 µg/ml streptomycin at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO₂. The cells were divided into five groups: Control, cisplatin and rutin (low, medium and high) groups. Cells were seeded into 96-well plates (5×10⁻⁵ cells/well) in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Dallas, TX, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and incubated with 1×10⁻⁸ (low), 2×10⁻⁸ (medium) or 4×10⁻⁸ mol/l (high) rutin or 1×10⁻⁹ mol/l cisplatin (both from Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) for 24 h. Control cells were treated with PBS under the same culture conditions.