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11 protocols using anti apoe

1

Characterization of Complement-ApoE Interactions

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Complement components C2, C3, C3b, C4, C4b, C1q, C1s, Factor H, Factor
I, and C4BP as well as all primary antibodies (anti C1q, A200/3b; anti C2,
A212/18b; anti C3, A213/5a; anti C4, A201/3a; anti factor H, A237/4) were
purchased from Complement Technology. Recombinant ApoE isoforms from BioCat;
plasma-purified ApoE3 from Biopure. ApoE peptides were generated by Peptide 2.0:
ApoE 30-40 LGRFWDYLRWV; ApoE 75-85 YKSELEEQLTPV; ApoE 139-152 SHLRKLRKRLLRDA;
ApoE 210-232 WGERLRARMEEMGSRTRDRLDEV. LDL and malondialdehyde-modified LDL
(MDA-LDL) were from Cell Biolabs, copper oxidized LDL (oxLDL) from Thermo Fisher
(L34357), ApoA from Athens Research&Technology, vitronectin (Vnt) from
Corning. Aβ and Aβ fibrils from GenSript. Recombinant EfB was
expressed as described65 . Additional
antisera used were: anti-C5b-9 (clone AE11-MO777-Dako), anti C1s
(11951-05011-AssaybioTch), anti ApoE ((178479-Calbiochem), anti ApoE (Merck,
178479), anti LDLR (HB04JL2204-B-SinoBiological), anti Aβ (clone
32A1-Abfrontier), anti goat IgG (13C0836-Sigma Aldrich) and anti rabbit IgG
(13C0529-Sima Aldrich), IgM (120228-Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories).
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2

Characterization of Complement-ApoE Interactions

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Complement components C2, C3, C3b, C4, C4b, C1q, C1s, Factor H, Factor
I, and C4BP as well as all primary antibodies (anti C1q, A200/3b; anti C2,
A212/18b; anti C3, A213/5a; anti C4, A201/3a; anti factor H, A237/4) were
purchased from Complement Technology. Recombinant ApoE isoforms from BioCat;
plasma-purified ApoE3 from Biopure. ApoE peptides were generated by Peptide 2.0:
ApoE 30-40 LGRFWDYLRWV; ApoE 75-85 YKSELEEQLTPV; ApoE 139-152 SHLRKLRKRLLRDA;
ApoE 210-232 WGERLRARMEEMGSRTRDRLDEV. LDL and malondialdehyde-modified LDL
(MDA-LDL) were from Cell Biolabs, copper oxidized LDL (oxLDL) from Thermo Fisher
(L34357), ApoA from Athens Research&Technology, vitronectin (Vnt) from
Corning. Aβ and Aβ fibrils from GenSript. Recombinant EfB was
expressed as described65 . Additional
antisera used were: anti-C5b-9 (clone AE11-MO777-Dako), anti C1s
(11951-05011-AssaybioTch), anti ApoE ((178479-Calbiochem), anti ApoE (Merck,
178479), anti LDLR (HB04JL2204-B-SinoBiological), anti Aβ (clone
32A1-Abfrontier), anti goat IgG (13C0836-Sigma Aldrich) and anti rabbit IgG
(13C0529-Sima Aldrich), IgM (120228-Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories).
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3

Protein Expression and Western Blot Analysis

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Proteins were extracted from cell pellets using RIPA buffer (50 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, 0.1% SDS, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, 1% Triton X-100, containing protease inhibitors (Roche)). 15 μg aliquots of protein were separated by SDS-PAGE on 4–20% Bis-Tris protein gels (Invitrogen) and transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane. Primary antibodies used were anti-Ferritin (cat#ab75973, Abcam), anti-ApoE (cat#AB947, Merck), anti-LC3B (cat#L7543, Sigma Aldrich), anti-GPX4 (cat#ab125066, Abcam), anti-Na/K-ATPase (cat#ab7671, Abcam), anti-AKT/pAKT (cat#4691S/4060S, Cell Signaling), anti-TfR1 (cat#TFR12-M, Alpha Diagnostic) and anti-β-actin (cat#A5441, Sigma). Membranes were probed with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies and signal was detected using a LAS-4000 luminescence Imaging analyzer (GE Healthcare Life science). Densitometry analyses were carried out using Image J software and quantitation was normalized to β-actin levels.
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4

Western Blot Analysis of APOE, ABCA1, APP, DLK1 and KLF4

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Frozen cortices and hippocampi were homogenized in TBS homogenization buffer (250 mM sucrose, 20 mM Tris base, 1 mM EDTA, and 1 mM EGTA, 1 ml per 100 mg of tissue) and protease inhibitors cocktail (Roche). For WB, proteins extracted with TBS or RIPA buffer were resolved on SDS-PAGE and transferred onto nitrocellulose membranes. For APOE protein detection, TBS soluble brain extract was used and RIPA extracted proteins were used for ABCA1, APP, DLK1 and KLF4 detection. Thirty microgram of proteins were resolved on 10 or 12% SDS-PAGE gels and transferred onto nitrocellulose membranes. Used were the following primary antibodies: Anti-ABCA1 (Ab18180, Abcam), anti-ApoE (178479, Millipore), anti-APP (6E10 antibody, 9320–02, Covance), anti-DLK1 (sc-25437, Santa Cruz), anti-GAPDH (sc-25778, Santa Cruz), anti-KLF4 (sc-20691, Santa Cruz).
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5

ELISA for ApoE and Aβ42 in brain extracts

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ApoE and Aβ42 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the PBS, TBS-X, and FA extracts. The apoE ELISA was performed as described in Tai et al. (2014) (link) using anti-apoE (1:2000, Millipore) and biotinylated anti-apoE (1:5000, Meridian) for capture and detection antibodies, respectively. Aβ42 was measured by a commercially available ELISA kit following the manufacturer instructions (Life Technologies).
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6

Quantifying ApoE, Aβ40, and Aβ42 in E4FAD+ Mice

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ApoE and Aβ40 and Aβ42 were measured by ELISA in the SDS and FA extracts (different plates for each extract) of E4FAD+ mice. The apoE ELISA was performed using anti-apoE (1:2,000, Millipore) and biotinylated anti-apoE (1:5000, Meridian) for capture and detection antibodies, respectively, as described in [47 (link)]. Aβ40, Aβ42 (Life Technologies) and EGF (R&D systems) were measured by a commercially available ELISA kit following the manufacturer instructions. ApoE, Aβ40, Aβ42 and EGF levels were normalized to total protein levels in each extract.
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7

Hippocampal Protein Levels in Neurodegeneration

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Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), Aβ42, and Angiotensin II levels were measured in hippocampal homogenates by ELISA. The apoE ELISA was performed using anti-apoE (1:2000, Millipore) and biotinylated anti-apoE (1:5000, Meridian) for capture and detection antibodies as described in Thomas et al. (2016 (link), 2017) (link), Marottoli et al. (2017) (link). Aβ42 (Life Technologies) and Angiotensin II (Cloud-Clone Corp.) were measured following the manufacturer instructions. ApoE, Aβ42, and Angiotensin II levels were normalized to total protein levels in each of the distinct fractions. In addition, we calculated total Aβ42 and total apoE levels using the following equation:
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8

Quantification of ApoE and Inflammation Markers

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ApoE was measured by ELISA in brain endothelial cell–enriched lysates (1:8 dilution), cortical lysates (1:160 dilution), and plasma (1:20 000 dilution) as described in previous studies11 (link),28 (link) using anti-apoE (1:2000; Millipore) and biotinylated anti-apoE (1:5000; Meridian) for capture and detection antibodies, respectively. Cortical lysates were analyzed for fibrinogen (1:3 dilution), IgG (1:3 dilution), and albumin (1:100 dilution) with commercial ELISA kits (Immunology Consultants) with 2 minor modifications to the manufacturer’s protocol; sample incubation time was increased to 2 hours at 37 °C, and secondary antibody was increased to 1 hour at 37 °C, and standards were buffer matched. Cortical samples were normalized to protein concentration, and isolated brain endothelial cell samples were normalized to actin quantified by the Western blot. Plasma levels (1:10 dilution) of cardiovascular dysfunction were measured using MILLIPLEX MAP CVD magnetic bead panel according to the manufacturer’s protocol.
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9

Immunostaining of Primary Neurons

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Primary neurons on coverslips were washed 10min in dPBS, then permeabilized in dPBS + 0.1% Triton-X for 5min at RT. The neurons were then blocked in 10% normal donkey serum + 0.5% Triton in PBS for 1hr, and further blocked with mouse-on-mouse (MOM) blocking buffer (Vector Labs, MKB-2213-1) at 1 drop Mouse IgG block buffer per 4ml PBS. Primary antibodies were diluted in MOM Antibody dilution buffer (80ul protein concentrate to 1ml PBS), and cells were incubated in primary antibody solution overnight at 4°C (anti-ApoE 1:5000, Millipore 178479; anti-MHC-I (OX18) 1:50, Santa Cruz Biotechnologies sc-53074; anti-MAP2 1:500, Millipore ab5622; anti-p-Tau (PHF1) 1:300, from Peter Davis). The next day, cells were washed 3x (15min, 10min, 5min) in PBS with 0.1% Triton-X. Secondary antibodies were diluted in MOM Antibody Dilution Buffer (1:1500), and incubated with the cells for 1hr at RT. Cells were again washed 3x (15min, 10min, 5min) in PBS with 0.1% Triton-X. Coverslips were then mounted to microscope slides (Vectashield, Prolong Gold).
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10

Western Blotting Antibody Validation

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Western blotting was performed as previously described44 (link). List of antibodies used: Actin (Sigma, A5316); Anti-phospho-JNK1/2 (Cell signalling, Ipswich, MA, USA), Anti-phospho-ERK1/2 (Cell signalling, Ipswich, MA, USA), Anti- phosphop-38 (Cell signalling, Ipswich, MA, USA) and total p38 MAPK (Cell signaling, Ipswich, MA, USA), JNK1/2 (Cell signaling, Ipswich, MA, USA) and ERK1/2. Anti-SAA (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, CA), Anti-Apo E (Millipore), Albumin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, CA), and Anti- LBP (Santa Cruz, CA).
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