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Bx61 confocal microscope

Manufactured by Olympus
Sourced in Japan, Australia

The BX61 confocal microscope is a high-performance optical microscope designed for advanced imaging applications. It features a confocal optical system that allows for the acquisition of high-resolution, three-dimensional images of samples. The BX61 is capable of capturing detailed images with improved contrast and reduced background noise, making it a versatile tool for a range of scientific and research applications.

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23 protocols using bx61 confocal microscope

1

Elastic and Collagen Fiber Staining of Aortic Valve

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Alexa Fluor 633 (AF 633) hydrazide (Invitrogen, Waltham, MA, Cat# A30634) for elastic fiber staining was used as previously described (11 (link), 12 (link)). 0.2 μM concentration of AF633 probe in PBS was used along with 10 μM CNA-488 probe for collagen fiber staining (CNA-488 was kindly gifted by Chris Reutelingsperger from Maastricht University, Netherlands) (13 (link)). The wholemount AoV tissue staining was carried out for 45 min at room temperature prior to 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) fixation and pigment bleaching in 10% H2O2 overnight. Tissues were then placed on a glass side with the three leaflets of the AoV facing up and sealed with a coverslip. Z-stack images were taken using an Olympus Confocal BX61 microscope.
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2

Immunofluorescence on Mouse Tissues

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Immunofluorescence on mouse tissues Tissues were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) overnight, incubated in 30% sucrose/PBS overnight and cyrosectioned into 10 mm sections. Sections were incubated in blocking buffer for 1 hour at room temperature (RT) followed by primary antibody incubation at RT for 1 hour or at 4 C overnight. Sections were thoroughly washed before incubation in secondary antibodies for 1 hour at RT. Sections were mounted with fluoroshield mounting medium with DAPI (Abcam, ab104139) and visualized on a Leica Leitz DMRB fluorescent microscope or Olympus Confocal BX61 microscope. For pigment bleaching on primary tumor sections, slides were incubated in 10% H 2 O 2 in PBS at RT for about 16 hours followed by regular immunostaining. When necessary, tissue GFP and tdTomato fluorescence from the mT/mG allele were photobleached by treatment with 3% H 2 O 2 in methanol and illumination on a fluorescent light box for 4 hours to overnight at 4 C. GFP signal was amplified by anti-GFP antibody when necessary.
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3

Quantitative Axon and Myelin Imaging

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Imaging was performed with an Olympus BX61 confocal microscope (Olympus America Inc., Center Valley, PA) and montages and z-stack projections were performed using CellSens and SlideBook6, respectively as previously described(Karim et al., 2019 (link)). The Olympus BX61 used spinning disk DSU-D4 with a slit width of 38μm and slit spacing 400μm, The pixel size of the Hamamatsu R2 was 6.45μm pixels, Airy Disk was 0.28μm with Nyquist sampling of 2.3. 10x, 20x, and 40x objectives were used with step sizes 2.99μm, 1.00μm, and 0.740μm with binning 1 and z stack between 20 and 30μm. Counts and analysis of the center CC were performed blinded using ImageJ (NIH, Bethesda, MD). Stained sections from Bregma 0.14/0.26mm (anterior sections) and −2.92/3.08mm (posterior sections) were chosen for 2-dimensional structural tensor analysis (Fig 1). A plugin for ImageJ, was utilized for characterization of the orientation and isotropic properties of SMI-32-stained axons and MBP-stained myelin in CC ROIs. Orientation J (Ori J; http://bigwww.epfl/ch/demo/orientation/; (Püspöki et al., 2016 )), coherency values describing how coherently the appropriate stained pixels are orientated were obtained through quantitative orientation measurement by experimenters blinded to group assignment.
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4

Autophagy Regulation in U87MG Cells

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U87MG cells on the coverslips in 12-well plate were pretreated in the presence and absence of 50 nM Bafilomycin A1 (Sigma, B1793) for 4 h before 7.5 μM thioridazine treatment for 24 h. After being fixed with 3.7% formaldehyde in Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS) at room temperature, the cells were blocked with 5% bovine serum albumin (Millipore, 810037) in HBSS. Followed by incubated with anti-LC3 antibody (rabbit polyclonal IgG; 1 : 100; Abgent, AP1802a) and LAMP-2 (mouse monoclonal IgG; 1 : 100; Abcam, ab25631), the primary antibodies were examined using Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated anti-rabbit antibody (1 : 1000; Life Technologies, A11008) and Alexa Fluor 568-conjugated anti-mouse antibody (1 : 1000; Life Technologies, A11004). DAPI (2 μg/ml, Sigma, D9542) was used to stain the nuclei after being mounted with ProLong Gold antifade reagents (Life Technologies, P36930). The images were obtained using an Olympus BX61 confocal microscope using × 60 objective.
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5

UV-Vis Luminescence Spectra of Crystals

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The UV-Vis luminescence spectra were recorded with a Labram HR800 (Horiba Scientific, Edison, NJ, USA) spectrometer coupled with an Olympus BX61 confocal microscope (Olympus Inc., Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan) and equipped with a Peltier-cooled CCD detector Synapsis (Horiba Scientific, Edison, NJ, USA), 1024:256 pixel. A diode-pumped, frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser 532 nm, output laser power: 100 mW (Spectra-Physics, Santa Clara, CA, USA) was utilized as the excitation source. A holographic grating with 600 lines/mm was used. The calibration of the instrument was performed using a 520-cm 1 Raman signal of a silicon wafer. The spectra were collected for the same crystal, which was used for structure determinations, at several pressures. In some cases, the conditions coincided with those for the crystal structure determination. Analogously to the X-ray data, the pressure inside the gasket hole was determined by measuring the reference ruby fluorescence.
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6

Quantitative Multimodal Analysis of Neurodegeneration

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Fluorescent images were acquired under constant power and pinhole aperture on an Olympus BX61 confocal microscope and evaluated using the Fluoview Viewer Olympus software package (v. 2.1c). Quantitative analysis of mitochondrial dynamic-associated protein fluorescence intensity, 3-NT levels, iNOS expression, and Pearson’s correlation was performed with an UPlanSApo 60x (N.A. 1.35) oil-immersion objective lens. Synuclein recruitment, time-dependent aggregation study, LB localization, synaptic protein immunoreactivity, axonal transport motor protein expression, DNA damage, and mitochondrial mass fluorescence intensity were examined using the UPlanSApo 100x (N.A. 1.4) oil-immersion objective. Regions of interest (ROI) were drawn around the somata of DA (TH+, tyrosine hydroxylase) and non-DA neurons (MAP2, microtubule-associated protein 2). For the assessment of axonal transport- and mitochondrial dynamic-related protein expression levels, ROI were outlined including both perikaryon and axons. Imaging was carried out under identical and specific acquisition settings for the individual fluorophores. The mean intensity value was calculated for each ROI. At least, three independent experiments were examined for each condition.
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7

Visualizing PGC-1α Expression in D1/D2-Cre Mouse Brains

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D1-Cre or D2-Cre mice infused with AAV-DIO-PGC-1α-mCitrine were perfused with 0.1 M PBS followed by 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA). Brains were immersed in PFA overnight and then cryopreserved in 30% sucrose. Brains were cryosectioned (Leica) at 35 µm into 0.1 M PBS. Brain sections were blocked in 3% normal donkey serum with 0.3% Triton X-100 for 30 min at room temperature. Sections were then incubated overnight at room temperature in primary antibodies, 1:8000 chicken anti-GFP (Aves) diluted in the above blocking solution. On the second day, tissue sections were rinsed in 0.1 M PBS followed by 1-hour incubation at room temperature in secondary antibodies, 1:1000 donkey anti-chickens Alexa Fluor 488 (Jackson ImmunoResearch). Sections were rinsed in PBS, mounted onto slides, and coverslipped. Immunofluorescence was imaged on an Olympus Bx61 confocal microscope.
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8

Mitochondrial Transfer in Cell Cultures

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Mitochondrial transfer between the same cell population or between RG or BTIC and astrocytes was assessed in normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Prior to the experiment, RG cells and BTICs were cultured in normoxic or hypoxic conditions for 1 week. To track the direction of mitochondrial transfer, the donor cells were stained with MitoTracker Red (ThermoFisher, Waltham, MA, USA. #M7512), and the recipient cells were cultured unstained. Equal numbers of each cell type were mixed well in a cell suspension, and 40,000 cells/cm2 of the cell suspension mixture was seeded onto a chambered slide. Cells were co-cultured overnight, followed by fixation with 4% paraformaldehyde. Cells were then stained with DAPI, and a coverslip was mounted with a drop of mounting medium. The cells were imaged using an Olympus BX61 confocal microscope under 60× magnification. We then proceeded to assess the efficacy of the transfer by determining the ratio of unstained cells that received MitoTrackrRed-stained mitochondria from the donor cells over the total number of unstained cells.
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9

Immunofluorescence Verification of Virus Injection

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Immunofluorescence was performed to verify the virus injection sites. Our experimental mice were perfused with 1 × phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) followed by 4% paraformaldehyde diluted in 1 × PBS. Brains were extracted and left in paraformaldehyde solution overnight. Next, all brains were stocked in 0.01% sodium azide diluted in 1 × PBS solution. All brains were sliced in 40 μm using a vibratome (Leica, Buffalo Grove, IL, United States), and immunofluorescence was performed as previously described (21 (link), 29 (link)). Briefly, the slices were blocked for 30 min in 0.3% Triton and 3% normal donkey serum and then incubated overnight (4°C) in 1:1,500 chicken anti-GFP primary antibody (CellSignaling, Danvers, MA, United States). The slices were rinsed with 1 × PBS and incubated for 2 h in secondary antibody: 1:1,000 anti-chicken Alexa488 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, United States). Immunofluorescence imaging was performed on an Olympus Bx61 confocal microscope.
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10

In Situ Detection of Protein S-Glutathionylation

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Pr-SSG was detected in situ in paraffin-embedded lung tissue as previously described76 (link). After dewaxing tissue samples in three changes of xylene, they were rehydrated in 100%, 95%, and 75% ethanol. Free thiol groups were then blocked using a buffer that contained 25 mM 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1- piperazineethanesulfonic acid, pH 7.4, 0.1 mM EDTA, pH 8.0, 0.01 mM neocuproine (Sigma-Aldrich, N1501), 40 mM N-ethylmaleimide (Sigma-Aldrich, E1271), and 1% Triton (Sigma-Aldrich) for 30 min. After three washes in PBS, S-glutathionylated cysteine groups were reduced by incubation with 13.5 μg/mL human Grx1 (Fitzgerald, 30R-1244), 35 μg/mL GSSG reductase (Roche, 10105678001), 1 mM GSH (Sigma-Aldrich, G4251), 1 mM NADPH (Roche, 10107824001), 18 μmol EDTA, and 137 mM Tris·HCl, pH 8.0, for 20 min. After three washes with PBS, newly reduced cysteine residues were labeled with 1 mM 3-(N-maleimidylpropionyl)biocytin (MPB) (Santa Cruz, sc-216373) for 1 h. Excess MPB was removed by three washes with PBS. Next, tissue samples were incubated with 0.5 μg/mL streptavidin-conjugated Alexa Fluor 488 (Invitrogen, S32354) for 30 min. Nuclei were stained with DAPI. All steps were conducted at room temperature. Slides were photographed under an Olympus BX61 confocal microscope.
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