Asap 2020 m apparatus

On the basis of frequently used characterization technologies such as field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM, JEOL6700F) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM, JEM-2100F), superficial microtopographies and internal structures of our samples were studied in detail. Besides, an accelerating voltage of 200 kV was employed in the selected area electron diffraction (SAED) measurement. Wide angle X-ray diffraction (XRD, D8 ADVANCE) was also employed to analyze the phase components of our samples utilizing Cu-Kα radiation with a scanning range from 10° to 80°. Furthermore, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, ESCAlab220i-XL, Al-Kα source) and Raman microspectrometry (Renishaw, inVia-Reflex, 532 nm) tests were performed to gain insights into the valence states of different elements and chemical bonds of our samples. Furthermore, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES, SPECTRO CIROS VISION) was used to analyze the accurate mole ratio of metal anions. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry was carried out to study the chemical bonds in our samples. For obtaining the Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) mode, a Micromeritics ASAP-2020M apparatus was operated.

The X-ray diffraction date were collected in a D8 Advanced diffractometer (Bruker) using CuKα radiation (λ = 0.154 nm). Transmission electron microscopy measurements were carried out on a FEI Tecnai G2 S-Twin with a field emission gun operating at 200 kV. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and surface zeta potential measurements were performed on a Malvern instrument Zatasizer Nano. N₂ adsorption/desorption analysis was measured on a Micromeritics ASAP 2020M apparatus. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method was used to calculate the specific surface area of samples from the data between 0.05 and 0.35, and t-plot method was to calculate the pore volume. The UV-vis absorption spectra were obtained from U-3100 spectrophotometer (Hitachi). Fourier transform Infrared spectra (FT-IR) were obtained by a PerkinElmer 580BIR spectrophotometer using KBr pellets. The X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) were performed on an ECSALAB 250. The UC emission spectra were carried out from an F-7000 fluorescence spectrometer (Hitachi) using a 980 nm laser as the excitation source. The digital photos of up-converting luminescence were obtained from a Canon camera. CLSM images were acquired from a FV 1000 confocal laser scanning microscrope (Olympus). A flow cytometry was recorded on a FCM cytometer (BD Biosciences) using 488 nm as excitation wavelength.

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging was performed using a Tecnai T12 microscope (FEI Company, Hillsboro, OR, USA). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was carried out using an FEI Quanta 450 field emission scanning electron microscope. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern was characterized on a D8 Advance powder X-ray diffractometer (Bruker, Karlsruhe, Germany). N₂ sorption isotherms was measured on a Micromeritics ASAP 2020 M apparatus (Micromeritics Instrument Corp., Norcross, GA, USA). Brunauer–Emmett–Teller and Barrett–Joyner–Halenda methods were used to determine the surface area, pore size distribution, and the pore volume. UV-vis spectra was taken using a Genesys 10S UV-vis spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Madison, WI, USA). The zeta potential and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were measured on a Malvern Zetasizer Nano-ZS90 (Malvern, UK). The photothermal conversion efficiency was analyzed using a laser device (Shanghai Xilong Optoelectronics Technology Co. Ltd., Shanghai, People’s Republic of China) with a wavelength of 808 nm, and the temperature of the solution was tracked using a DT-8891E thermocouple linked to a digital thermometer (Shenzhen Everbest Machinery Industry, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China).