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18 protocols using spr 320

1

Echocardiography and Hemodynamics in Myocardial Infarction

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Transthoracic echocardiography was performed assessed pre-myocardial infarction (base-line) and at day 28 post-treatment by the Vevo-770 echocardiography machine (VisualSonics, Fujifilm, Amsterdam, Netherlands) under isoflurane inhalation administered via a nose cone as we have previously described [[14] , [15] (link), [16] (link),31 (link)]. LV end-diastolic (LVEDD) and end-systolic (LVESD) dimensions, under stable, consistent heart rate, were measured using M mode. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was calculated from the data obtained with 2-dimensional tracing. All data were collected blind from at least 3–5 different measurements.
Hemodynamic parameters were measured by using cardiac catheterization (SPR-320 and PVAN3.2; Millar Instruments, USA) as we have previously described [[14] , [15] (link), [16] (link),31 (link)]. Briefly, under general anesthesia using isoflurane inhalation with a nose cone, the catheter was inserted into the left ventricular cavity through the right common carotid artery. Intra-LV pressure signals were measured with a transducer and conditioner (MPVS-300; Millar Instruments) and digitally recorded with a data acquisition system (PowerLab 8/30; AD Instruments, Oxford, UK). All data were collected from at least 5 different measurements in a blinded manner.
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2

Echocardiography and Cardiac Catheterization

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Transthoracic echocardiography was performed at 4 weeks after left coronary artery ligation (for pre-treatment data) and at day 28 post-treatment using Vevo-770 echocardiography machine (VisualSonics, Amsterdam, Netherlands) under 1.5% isoflurane inhalation via a nose cone3 (link),4 . LVEF and LVFS were calculated from the data obtained with 2-dimensional tracing. All data were collected from at least 3–5 different measurements in a blinded manner. In addition, hemodynamic parameters were measured by using cardiac catheterization (SPR-320 and PVAN3.2; Millar Instruments, Houston, TX) as previously described3 (link),4 . Briefly, under general anesthesia using 1.5% isoflurane inhalation and mechanical ventilation, the catheter was inserted into the left ventricular cavity through the right common carotid artery. Intra-LV and intra-aortic pressure signals were measured with a transducer and conditioner (MPVS-300; Millar Instruments) and digitally recorded with a data acquisition system (PowerLab 8/30; ADInstruments, Oxford, UK). All data were collected from at least 5 different measurements per animal in a blinded manner.
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3

Invasive Hemodynamic Measurements in Rats

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A total of 8, 12 and 16 weeks after dietary intervention, the rats were anesthetized (sodium pentobarbital, 60 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) for invasive hemodynamics using a 2F high fidelity micro-tip pressure catheter (SPR-320; Millar Instruments Ltd.) to measure systolic and diastolic BP (SBP and DBP), LV end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), maximal slope of systolic pressure increment (+dP/dtmax), and diastolic pressure decrement (-dP/dtmin) as previously described by the authors (12 (link)).
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4

Echocardiographic Assessment of Rat Infarcts

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As previously described5 (link), transthoracic echocardiographic was performed using an HP Sonos-5500 (Hewlett Packard, Andover, MA, USA) echocardiography. Rats were imaged following 2- and 30-days post-infarction, in which only rats with large infarcts ( ≥ 37% of LV) were included. Immediately after the last echocardiography, the rats were intubated, ventilated (rodent ventilator, model 683, Harvard Apparatus, Holliston, MA, USA) and a 2-F gauge Millar catheter-tip micromanometer SPR-320 (Millar Instruments, Houston, TX, USA) was inserted through the right carotid artery into the LV cavity4 (link). Measurements of LV parameters, including heart rate (HR), LV systolic pressure (LVSP), LV end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), and maximal positive ( + dP/dt) and negative (-dP/dt) time derivatives of the developed pressure were studied using AcqKnowledge 3.5.7 software (Biopac Systems Inc., Santa Barbara, CA, USA).
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5

Invasive Cardiac Hemodynamics Monitoring

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Invasive real time recording of cardiac hemodynamics was carried out according to the method described in a previous report from our laboratories [13 (link)]. Following anaesthesia as described above the animals’ body temperature was maintained at 37°C (measured by a rectal probe) using controlled heating pads. A microtip pressure transducer (SPR-320, Millar Instruments, Houston, TX, USA) was inserted through a small incision into the right carotid artery and advanced into the left ventricle. After 5 min stabilization period, the signals were continuously recorded. The microtip catheter was connected to a Power Lab Data Interface Module connected to a PC running Lab Chart professional software (v8.0, AD Instruments, Bella Vista, Australia) including the BP module. The BP module detects and calculates the left ventricular end ventricular systolic pressure (ESP), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (EDP), slope of the systolic pressure increment (dP/dt) and slope of the diastolic pressure decrement (−dP/dt), cystolic and diastolic duration, and contractility index.
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6

Measuring Aortic Blood Pressure

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Systemic blood pressure was measured in the conscious status by restraint tail cuff every 2 days for 2–3 weeks using the CODA system (Kent Scientific, CT). Direct aortic pressure was measured in ascending thoracic aorta via inserting a Millar catheter (SPR 320, Millar Instruments, TX) through right common carotid artery under anaesthesia with an inspired concentration of 2% isoflurane (JD Medical, AZ). The transducer was connected to a Powerlab system (AD Instruments, Castle Hill, Australia) to record systolic aortic pressure (SAP) and diastolic aortic pressure (DAP). Mean aortic pressure (MAP) and pulse pressure (PP) were then calculated accordingly (MAP = DAP + (SAP−DAP)/3, PP= SAP−DAP).
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7

Assessing Left Ventricular Function in Rats

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Four weeks after MI induction, rats were anaesthetized initially with a 5% isoflurane/O2 mixture in an induction box and then kept asleep with a 2.5% isoflurane/O2 mixture via a face mask attached to a gas vaporizer during spontaneous ventilation. Rats were placed in the supine position, and body temperature was maintained at 37°C by a heating pad throughout the experiment. Left ventricular function was measured using a pressure catheter (SPR-320; Millar Instruments, Houston, TX, USA), which was inserted into the right carotid artery. After 10 min stabilization, arterial blood pressure was recorded for 10 min. Then, the catheter was advanced into the left ventricle and stabilized for 5 min. The waveform was used to confirm the positioning of catheter in the LV. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) was continuously recorded for 10 min by the Powerlab Chart 4 software system (ADInstruments Inc., Colorado Springs, CO, USA).
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8

Ventricular Pressure Measurement and Dobutamine Challenge

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Under the anesthesia of urethane (1 g/kg, i.p.), a catheter specially designed to measure ventricular pressure (SPR 320: Millar Instruments, Houston, TX, USA) was inserted into the LV via the right carotid. The catheter was connected, through a dedicated signal coupler (TC-510, Millar Instruments, USA), to a recording system (Bridge Amp attached to PowerLab/4SP, AD Instruments, Sydney, Australia) and, under continuous recording of LV pressure, they received increasing doses of dobutamine (1, 3, 10 and 15 μg/kg) intravenously. Dobutamine was used as a pharmacological stressor, and each dose was injected, in bolus, with an interval of at least 10 min between each other. The 1st derivative in time of the LV pressure (dP/dt) was calculated online, and the maximum rate of increasing pressure was used as an index of systolic function of the rats.
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9

Invasive Cardiac Contractility Monitoring

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Invasive real-time recording of cardiac contractility was carried out according to the method described by Radovits et al [14] (link) with slight modifications. After urethane anaethesia, animals were placed on controlled heating pads, and body temperature, measured via a rectal probe, was maintained at 37°C. A microtip pressure transducer (SPR-320; Millar Instruments, Houston, TX, USA) was inserted into the right carotid artery and advanced into the left ventricle under pressure control. After stabilization for 5 min, the signals were continuously recorded at a sampling rate of 1000 s−1. The microtip catheter was connected to a PowerLab Data Interface Module connected to a PC running LabChart professional software (version 7.3; ADI Instruments, Bella Vista, Australia) containing a blood pressure module, which detects and calculates the slopes of the systolic pressure increment (dP/dt) and the diastolic pressure decrement (−dP/dt), the systolic and diastolic duration, and the contractility index.
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10

Echocardiographic and Hemodynamic Evaluation after MI

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Transthoracic echocardiographic determinations were assessed before treatment (4 weeks after MI) and at 28 days after treatment by the Vevo 770 echocardiography machine (VisualSonics) under 1.5% isoflurane inhalation via a nose cone.11, 13, 14 LV ejection fraction was calculated from the data obtained with 2‐dimensional tracing. LV end‐diastolic and end‐systolic dimensions, LV wall thickness, and heart rate were measured with M mode. Transmitral peak E/A flow ratio was determined by spectral Doppler traces. All data were collected from at least 3 to 5 different measurements in a blinded manner.
Hemodynamic parameters were measured by using cardiac catheterization (SPR‐320 and PVAN3.2; Millar Instruments), as described previously.11, 13, 14 Briefly, under general anesthesia using 1.5% isoflurane inhalation and mechanical ventilation, the catheter was inserted into the LV cavity through the right common carotid artery. Intra‐LV and intra‐aortic pressure signals were measured with a transducer and conditioner (MPVS‐300; Millar Instruments) and digitally recorded with a data acquisition system (PowerLab 8/30; ADInstruments). All data were collected from at least 5 different measurements in a blinded manner.
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