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6 protocols using ab59477

1

Exosome Protein Extraction and Western Blot

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For total protein extraction from exosomes, lysis was performed with RIPA buffer (Thermo Scientific) containing protease inhibitor cocktail and Laemmli buffer (Bio-Rad). The total protein concentration was quantified using a BCA protein assay kit (Thermo Scientific) following the manufacturer’s instructions. Briefly, approximately, 30 μg of protein extracts were electrophoresed on a 4-15% Mini protean pre-cast polyacrylamide gel (Bio-Rad) and transferred to PVDF membrane (Bio-Rad). The membrane was blocked with 5% nonfat dry milk (Cell Signaling) for 1 hour and immunoblotted overnight at 4 °C with primary antibodies to CD63 (ExoAB-CD63A-1 SBI system Biosciences), CD81 (ab59477, Abcam), Hsp70 (EXOAB-Hsp70A-1), CD91 (ab20384, Abcam) and GAPDH (ab8245, Abcam). After incubation, anti-rabbit (7074S, Cell Signaling Technology/EXOAB-HRP) or anti-mouse (ab97040, Abcam) secondary antibodies were applied for 1 hour. The membrane was then visualized by Clarity western ECL substrate (Bio-Rad). Images were acquired using the Bio-Rad Chemidoc MP Imaging system.
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2

Electron Microscopy Analysis of EVs

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For electron microscopy analyses, one drop of purified EVs (~ 25 µl) was deposited on 400 mesh holey film grid. Filter paper (Whatman) was used to remove the excess liquid. EVs were then stained with 1% uranyl acetate for 2 min. For immunogold staining, EVs were incubated with mouse anti-CD81 (1:50; ab59477, abcam) for 30 min followed by secondary anti-mouse 10 nm protein A-gold conjugates (Sigma-Aldrich) for 30 min. Samples were observed with a Tecnai G2 (FEI) transmission electron microscope operating at 100 kV equipped with a Veleta CCD camera (Olympus Soft Imaging System) at the BioImaging Facility (Department of Biology, University of Padova).
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3

Exosome Capture Microarray Protocol

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Printing of Abs to be used for exosome capture in microarrays was performed as described in Supplemental Methods. The following Abs were used for capture of total exosomes: anti-CD9 (ab58989, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), anti-CD63 (NBP2-42225AF647, Novusbio), anti-CD81 (ab59477, Abcam). The Abs cocktail for the capture of tumor-enriched exosomes (TEX) consisted of anti-EGFR1 (ab52894, Abcam), anti-MAGEA3 (ab38496, Abcam), anti-EpCAM (ab75813, Abcam) and anti-CSPG4 (a gift from Dr. Soldano Ferrone, Harvard Medical School). As positive and negative controls, human IgG and PBS were used. Figure 2(a) is a graphic illustrating the strategy used for capture of TEX from plasma-derived total exosomes. Titrations of optimal Ab concentrations for TEX capture and testing of microarrays specificity for TEX are illustrated in Figure 2(b) and described in Supplemental Methods.
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4

Western Blot Analysis of Cell Proteins

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Lysates were prepared from cells or supernatants, were diluted 1:5 with loading buffer, and were boiled for 5 min at 95°C. Samples of protein were then separated via SDS-PAGE, transferred to PVDF membranes, and blots were blocked using 5% non-fat milk in TBST for 1 h at room temperature. Blots were then probed overnight with anti-CD81 (1:500; ab59477), anti-VEGFA (1:1000; ab52917), TSG101 (1:1000, ab83) or anti-GAPDH (1:10,000, ab37168) (all from Abcam, Cambridge, UK). Blots were then probed using HRP-linked secondary antibodies at 37°C for 1 h, and protein bands were detected via LiDE110 scanner (Canon, Tokyo, Japan), with the AlphaEaseFC software (Alpha Innotech, Genetic Technologies, Inc, FL, USA) being used to measure band density.
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5

Protein Expression Analysis via Western Blot

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Protein samples were prepared with radio-immunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) buffer (Beyotime). The concentrations of protein samples were analyzed using the BCA method. Protein samples (35 μg/lane) were loaded onto 10% separating gel and blotted onto a PVDF membrane (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). After blocking with 5% skimmed milk for 1 h at room temperature, the membrane was incubated with the primary antibodies overnight at 4 °C, including anti-c-myc (ab32072, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), anti-N-cadherin (ab280375, Abcam), anti-vimentin (ab92547, Abcam), anti-METTL3 (ab195352, Abcam), anti-SOX2 (ab92494, Abcam), anti-TSG101 (ab125011, Abcam), anti-CD63 (ab134045, Abcam), anti-CD81 (ab59477, Abcam), and anti-β-actin (ab8226, Abcam). Afterwards, the membrane was incubated with the secondary antibody (Abcam) for 1 h at room temperature. The protein bands were visualized using an enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) kit (Pierce, Waltham, MA, USA), and the intensities of protein bands were analyzed using the Image Lab analysis software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). Western blot assay was conducted three times.
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6

Western Blot Analysis of Cell Lysates

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Total cell lysates were prepared using lysis buffer (Biosource International) supplemented with Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktail 2 (P5726, Sigma Aldrich), Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktail 3 (P044, Sigma Aldrich), Protease Inhibitor Cocktail (Sigma-Aldrich) and PMSF serine protease inhibitor (Sigma-Aldrich), and 10 µg of proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE using Bolt 4–12% Bis–Tris Plus gels (Invitrogen). Gels were transferred onto nitrocellulose membranes using Power Blotter Select Transfer Stacks and the Power Blotter System (Invitrogen). Membranes were blocked with I-Block reagent (ThermoFisher) and incubated with the following primary antibodies overnight at 4 °C: mouse monoclonal anti-calnexin (sc-23954, Santa Cruz); mouse monoclonal anti-CD63 (ab213090, abcam); mouse monoclonal anti-CD81 (ab59477, abcam); mouse monoclonal anti-GAPDH (GTX627408); mouse monoclonal anti-Cytochrome C (SC-13156); mouse monoclonal anti-HSP70/HSC70 (W27, SC-24). Membranes were then incubated with the appropriate peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody, Goat anti-Mouse (G-21040). Images were acquired using Westar Hypernova ECL substrate (Cyanagen) and iBright Western Blot Imaging Systems (Invitrogen).
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