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4 protocols using 4 chlorophenol 4 cp

1

Oxidation of 4-Chlorophenol by Hydrogen Peroxide

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4-chlorophenol (4-CP, 99%, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), p-chlorobenzoic acid (pCBA, 99%, Acros, Geel, Belgium), hydrogen peroxide (33%, Lega, Dzerzhinsk, Russia), sodium bicarbonate (Khimreaktivsnab, Ufa, Russia), 4-aminoantipyrine and potassium ferricyanide (Vekton, St Petersburg, Russia) were used as supplied. Stock solutions of 4-CP and H2O2 were prepared in deionized water (18.2 mΩ·cm) produced by a Simplicity®UV system from Millipore (Burlington, MA, USA).
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2

Synthesis of Hybrid Nanomaterials

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All chemical reagents used in the experiments were obtained from commercial sources as guaranteed grade reagents. Titanium (IV) isopropoxide 97% (TTIP: Ti[OCH(CH3)2]4), 3-butyn-1-ol 97% (HC≡CCH2CH2OH or C4H6O), 1-octanol 98% (CH3(CH2)7OH), chloroform 99% (CHCl3), acetone ACS reagent ≥ 99.5% (CH3COCH3), ethanol absolute (CH3CH2OH), 4-chlorophenol (4-CP), Cu(CH3COO)2, ascorbic acid (C6H8O6), hydrazine (N2H4), hexadecylamine (HDA), vanadium triisopropoxide (VOTPP), cadmium chloride (CdCl2), sodium sulfide (Na2S), and terephthalic acid (TA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All reagents were of analytical grade and were used without further purification.
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3

Electrochemical Determination of 4-Chlorophenol

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The 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, sodium sulfate, and aniline were obtained from Chempur (Piekary Śląskie, Poland). Stock standard solution of 4-CP (0.5 mmol/L) was prepared in 0.1 mol/L Na2SO4. Working solutions were prepared as required by dilution with sodium sulfate of the same concentration. The multi-walled carbon nanotubes CNTs (CNT Co., Ltd., Incheon, Korea) and graphite (<45 μm) from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) were used. Paraffin oil was received from Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland).
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4

Lanthanum-Doped Titanium Dioxide Synthesis

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Titanium(iv) oxysulfate (titanyl sulfate, TiOSO4, Sigma-Aldrich spol. s.r.o., Prague, Czech Republic) was used as a TiO2 precursor. Lanthanum(iii) nitrate hexahydrate, La(NO3)3·6H2O Assay Spec. ≥99%, served as the La dopant source. During material synthesis, an aqueous solution of ammonia (NH3, solution purum p.a., 25–29%, Fisher Scientific, spol. s.r.o., Pardubice Czech Republic) was used for precipitation of the precursor and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, solution purum p.a., 30%, Fisher Scientific, spol. s.r.o., Pardubice Czech Republic) for pH reduction. 4-Chlorophenol (4-CP, purity ≥ 99.9%, Sigma-Aldrich, Prague, Czech Republic) and AEROXIDE TiO2-P25 (Evonik, Prague, Czech Republic) were used for the photocatalytic experiments.
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