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77 protocols using chart 5

1

Hemodynamic Assessment in Anesthetized Mice

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Mice were anesthetized by i.p. injection of avertin (2,2,2-tribromoethanol, Sigma–Aldrich) in 2% solution at a dose of 400 mg kg-1 bodyweight and placed on a controlled heating pad (Föhr Medical Instruments, Seeheim-Ober Beerbach, Germany) in supine position. Additional doses of avertin (each 10% of the initial dose) were applied during experiments if appropriate to maintain depth of anesthesia. A miniature pressure-volume catheter (model SPR-839, Millar Instruments, Houston, TX, United States) was inserted via the right carotid artery and placed in the left ventricle. Increasing doses of dobutamine were administered into the cannulated left external jugular vein using an automated syringe pump (B. Braun, Melsungen, Germany). Data were recorded using the MPVS-400 system (Millar Instruments) and Chart5 software (ADInstruments, Bella Vista, NSW, Australia). At the end of experiments, animals were euthanized by avertin overdose, and hearts were excised, weighed, and stored at -80°C until further examination. Hemodynamic data were analyzed using Chart5 software (ADInstruments) and PVAN software (Millar Instruments).
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2

Measuring Blood Pressure and Urinary Protein in Pregnant Mice

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The systolic blood pressure was noninvasively measured by a volume pressure recording sensor and an occlusion tail‐cuff (CODA System, Kent Scientific). This method shows good agreement with radiotelemetry measurements of blood pressure.47 Blood pressure was measured at the same time daily (±1 hour) while the mice were kept warm using a warming pad. Twenty‐four‐hour urine was collected for analysis using metabolic cages (Nalgene). Mice were trained in metabolic cages for 2 days prior to urine collection. On GD18.5, the mean arterial pressure was determined by cannulating the right carotid artery with a mouse jugular catheter connected to a pressure transducer and an amplifier unit, just prior to euthanasia. The amplifier was connected to a data acquisition module and mean arterial pressure was recorded on a personal computer by Chart 5 Software (AD Instruments, Inc). All of the mice were euthanized on GD18.5 before delivery when their serum and organs were collected. We quantified urinary albumin by ELISA (Exocell) and measured urinary creatinine by a picric acid colorimetric assay (Exocell). We used the ratio of urinary albumin to urinary creatinine as an index of urinary protein.
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3

EEG Analysis of Alcohol Withdrawal

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At postnatal day 23, surgical screws were inserted into the skull over the frontal lobe and the contralateral occipital lobe (Weinberg et al., 2013 (link)). Subsequently, wires from a pin connector strip were attached to the screws, and the connector strip was secured to the skull with cranioplastic cement. One to two days later, 2 rats were switched to control liquid diet for two days followed by alcohol diet for the next 15 days while 2 control rats remained on CD throughout the experiment. On the day of withdrawal, EPOCH wireless transmitters (Ripple, Salt Lake City, UT) were attached to the pin connector strip. Rats were placed in new cages on an EPOCH wireless receiver tray (Ripple, Salt Lake City, UT) attached to Powerlab 8/30 (ADInstruments, Colorado Springs, CO). EEG data was recorded and analyzed using Chart5 software (ADInstruments, Colorado Springs, CO).
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4

Cardiac Function Measurement Protocol

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Cardiac function indices, including SAP, LVSP, +dp/dt, -dp/dt, HR and CSF, were checked before treatment and 30/60 min post-treatment, using the ALCB10-MPA Cardiac Function Analysis System (Alcott Biotech), according to the manufacturer's instructions. Post-treatment hemodynamic parameters were measured by catheterization (SRP-320/PVAN 3.2, Millar Instruments, Inc., Houston, TX, USA; Chart 5 software, ADInstruments, Dunedin, New Zealand), as previously described (24 (link)).
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5

Mitochondrial Accumulation Ratio Assay

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RLM (0.5 mg protein/ml) were incubated in 4 ml KCl buffer supplemented with rotenone (4 µg/ml) and TPMP (2.5 µM) and the respective MitoC variant (2.5 µM) in open plastic tubes (Sarsted®) in a shaking water bath at 37 °C. Respiration was initiated by the addition of succinate (4 mM). When indicated FCCP (1 µM) was added 4 min later. Five min later mitochondria were pelleted by centrifugation (7500 x g for 5 min at 4 °C). Supernatants were removed and stored at 4 °C in eppendorf tubes until analysis. Mitochondrial pellets were extracted in 250 µL buffer B followed by centrifugation (7500 x g for 5 min). The supernatant (250 µL) was removed and stored at 4 °C in glass vials (Chromacol®). All samples were diluted to 25% ACN with buffer A, and separated by RP-HPLC as described above. TPMP and MitoC standards were used to determine peak areas and elution times, using the Chart 5 software (ADInstruments®). Accumulation ratios (ACR) between the mitochondrial matrix and the extra-mitochondrial environment were calculated by normalizing the peak areas to mitochondrial volume (0.5 µL/mg protein [28] ) and to 4 ml for the extra-mitochondrial environment.
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6

Visceromotor Responses to Colonic Distension

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Three days before CRD, 2 electrodes were implanted in the abdominal external oblique musculature of mice previously anesthetized with xylazine and ketamine (Bioflex AS-631, Cooner Wire, Chatsworth, CA). Electrodes were exteriorized at the back of the neck and protected by a plastic tube attached to the skin. Electrodes were connected to a Bio Amplifier, which was connected to an electromyogram acquisition system (ADInstruments, Colorado Springs, CO). A 10.5-mm-diameter balloon catheter was gently inserted into the colon at 5 mm proximal to the rectum (Fogarty arterial embolectomy catheter, 4F, Vygon). Ten-second distensions were performed at pressures of 15, 30, 45, and 60 mm Hg acquired by inflating the balloon in a stepwise fashion with water (20, 40, 60 and 80 μL respectively) with 5-min rest intervals.51 (link) Electromyographic activity of the abdominal muscles was recorded and visceromotor responses were calculated using Chart 5 software (ADInstruments).
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7

Cystometric Evaluation of Bladder Function

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Under isoflurane anesthesia, a polyethylene catheter (PE-50, Clay-Adams, Parsippany, NJ, USA) was inserted into the bladder through the bladder dome, and the catheter was secured with a purse suture. Rats were then placed in restraining cages (W 80 mm × L 300 mm × H 150 mm, Yamanaka Chemical Ind., Ltd., Japan). After the recovery from anesthesia, animals were placed in the cages for at least 2 hours for acclimation, and bladder activity was recorded in the awake condition through the bladder catheter connected via a three-way stopcock to a pressure transducer and a pump to infuse saline solution at a rate of 0.04 ml/min. After rhythmic bladder contractions became stable for at least 60 min, the following cystometric parameters were measured; basal pressure (BP), micturition threshold (MT), intercontraction intervals (ICI), peak pressure (PP), voided volume (VV), residual volume (RV), voiding efficiency (VE), and bladder compliance. Chart 5 software (AD Instruments, Milford, MA, USA) was used for data analysis.
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8

Fetal Hemodynamic Monitoring During Hypoxia-Ischemia

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Fetal mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded throughout the experiment using pressure transducers with amplification, digitized (Power Lab, AD Instruments, Castle Hill, NSW, Australia) and recorded to a computer using Chart 5 software (AD Instruments). The MAP and HR were recorded in all fetuses for at least 24 h prior to the HI insult.
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9

Visceromotor Response to Colorectal Distension

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Abdominal pain was assessed by measuring the visceromotor responses (VMRs) of mice to colorectal distension (CRD) following a previously described protocol17 ,35 . Briefly, electrodes were implanted in the abdominal external oblique muscles and exteriorized onto the back of the necks of mice at least 15 days prior to VMR measurement. Conscious mice were habituated to a plexiglass cylinder for 30 min per day for 3 consecutive days before VMR measurement to accustom the animals to partial constraint. For recording, the electrodes were connected to an electromyogram (EMG) acquisition system (AD Instruments). The colon was distended by inflating a balloon catheter inserted intra-anally such that it ended 1.5 cm proximal to the anus. The mice were subjected to four 10-second distensions (15, 40, and 65 mmHg) at 3-minute intervals. EMG activity was amplified and digitized using a transducer connected to a P511 AC amplifier (Grass Instruments) and a Powerlab device with Chart 5 software (AD Instruments). EMG activity was rectified, and responses were recorded as the increase in the area under curve (AUC) of the EMG amplitude during CRD versus the baseline period.
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10

Vascular Reactivity Profiling of TEVs

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Ring sections of explanted TEVs and native arteries (n=3 for each) were connected to a force transducer and suspended in a tissue bath containing Krebs-Ringer solution with constant oxygen supply (94% O2, 6% CO2). After equilibrating sections at a basal force of 2.0 g, vaso-active agonists, namely (i) Endothelin-1 (ET-1, 10−8M); (ii) U46619 (2×10−7M); and (iii) KCl (118 mM) were added to the baths and the resultant isometric constriction forces were recorded using a PowerLab data acquisition unit and analyzed by Chart5 software (ADInstruments, Colorado Springs, CO). Relaxing agents, namely, SNAP(Sodium Nitro Prusside and ROCK inhibitor Y27632 were then added to bring vessels back to their basal tone. Washes were performed with Krebs-Ringer solution to ensure removal of vaso-active agonist or relaxant before proceeding to the next step. Data was reported as force exerted by tissue per unit area of tissue (N/m2 or Pa).
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