Gastrodin

Gastrodin (>98%) was purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry. 4-HBA (≥98%), erythromycin, oxytetracycline hydrochloride, cefadroxil, 4-nitrophenyl β-d-glucuronide, 4-nitrophenyl sulfate, and 4-nitrophenyl β-d-glucopyranoside were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The anaerobe gas-generating system was purchased from Becton, Dickinson and Company. HPLC-grade methanol was purchased from J. T. Bakers (Central Valley, PA, USA). All other chemicals used were of reagent grades and were used as received.

Cel_2-5 and Lam_2-5 were purchased from Megazyme. Sucrose, maltose, l-arabinose, d-fructose, d-galactose, d-xylose, d-mannose, l-rhamnose, and d-gluconate were purchased from Nacalai Tesque. Sop_2-5 were prepared using SOGP from L. innocua and SGL from Chitinophaga pinensis (23 , 28 (link), 29 (link)). Lactose, α,α-trehalose, melibiose, esculin, d-amygdalin, methyl-α-Glc, ethyl-α-Glc, benzyl-α-Glc, pNP-α-Glc, and pNP-β-Glc were purchased from FUJIFILM Wako Chemical Corporation. Gentiobiose, d-talose, and gastrodin were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry. d-Gulose and 2-naphthyl-α-Glc were purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals. α-Arbutin was purchased from Ezaki Glico. n-Octyl-β-Glc and methyl-β-Glc were purchased from DOJINDO LABORATORIES and Merck, respectively. Salicin and β-arbutin were purchased from Combi Blocks.