Rutin

HST, hesperidin (HSD), rutin (RUT), QUE, AICAR (5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuranoside) and LY294002 were purchased from FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation (Osaka, Japan). NAR and NRG were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co. Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). NRT and neohesperidin (NHD) were purchased from Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). All compounds used for NMR and cell experiments were dissolved into d₆-dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) as a 10 mM solution and stored at −20 °C until needed.
The rabbit anti-CLD-2 antibody was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The rabbit anti-ZO-1 antibody was obtained from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Mouse anti-β-actin antibody was purchased from Wako. For immunofluorescent microscopy, the anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) and the F (ab’) 2 fragment-Cy3 antibody were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. For Western blotting analysis, anti-rabbit and mouse IgG horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugates were acquired from Promega (Madison, WI, USA).

Anhydrous sodium chloride (NaCl) and magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄) for formulations as QuEChERS components were purchased from Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemicals (Tokyo, Japan). β-Carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, campesterol, ferulic acid, stigmasterol, sitosterol, and rutin were purchased from Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemicals. p-Coumaric acid, diosmin, hesperidin, naringin, and narirutin were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Institute (Tokyo, Japan). Pyrogallol and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) used to prevent autooxidation were purchased from Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemicals (Tokyo, Japan).
All organic solvents (acetonitrile, formic acid, tetrahydrofuran, and methanol) and ultrapure HPLC- or LC/MS-grade water were purchased from Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemicals.
Orange juice was purchased from a local market in Tokyo, Japan.

Quercetin, rutin, and commercial assay kits (Cholesterol-E test, Triglyceride-E test, NEFA-C test and Lab assay^TM Glucose Wako Kit) were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan). EMIQ and isoquercitrin were products of San-Ei Gen F. F. I. Co., Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). Protease and phosphatase inhibitor cocktails were produced by Roche Diagnostics (Tokyo, Japan). For Western blotting analysis, anti-ACC rabbit IgG, anti-phospho-ACC rabbit IgG, anti-AMPKα rabbit IgG, anti-phospho-AMPKα (Thr 172) rabbit IgG, anti-fatty acid synthase (FAS) rabbit IgG, anti-GLUT4 mouse IgG, anti-mouse IgG, and anti-rabbit IgG antibodies were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (Denver, MA). Anti-β-actin rabbit IgG antibody was from Sigma Chemical (St. Louis, MO). Purified anti-UCP2 rabbit IgG was from BioLegend (San Diego, CA). Anti-PGC-1α mouse mAb, and anti-PRDM16 rabbit IgG, antibodies were from Millipore (Tokyo, Japan). Anti-C/EBPα (14AA) rabbit IgG, anti-C/EBPβ (C-19) rabbit IgG, anti-PPARα (H-98) rabbit IgG, anti-PPARγ (H-100) rabbit IgG, and anti-UCP1 (M-17) goat IgG antibodies were from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA). Anti-CPT1 mouse mAb and anti-SREBP1 rabbit IgG antibodies were from Abcam (Cambridge, MA). All other reagents used were of the highest grade available from commercial sources.