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5 ethynyl 2 deoxyuridine edu

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5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) is a modified nucleoside that can be incorporated into DNA during DNA synthesis. It contains a terminal alkyne group that can be detected using a copper-catalyzed click chemistry reaction.

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179 protocols using 5 ethynyl 2 deoxyuridine edu

1

Visualizing DNA Double-Strand Breaks in Cell Cycle

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Immunocytochemical staining was used to visualize the DSBs and distinguish between the cell cycle stages G1 and S/G2. Four hours before fixation, a nucleoside analogue of thymidine, 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU; Thermo Fisher Scientific), was added at a final concentration of 10 μM. The cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and permeabilized in 0.2% Triton-X (both from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). Overnight incubation with primary antibodies against γH2AX (Biolegend, San Diego, CA, USA) and 53BP1 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA) was followed by 1 h of incubation with a secondary antibody conjugated with Alexa 555 (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA). The samples were stained with the Click-iT® EdU Alexa Fluor® 488 Imaging Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific) to visualize EdU according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Finally, the nuclei were stained with Hoechst dye (BisBenzemide H33342; 1 μg/ml; Sigma-Aldrich).
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2

Monitoring DNA Repair Kinetics via EdU

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Cells were cultured on 24-mm cover slips and were serum starved (0.5% fetal calf serum) for 2 days to accumulate cells in G0 phase (∼98%). After damage induction, cells were directly labeled with EdU for 3 h (wt cells) or 7 h (GG-NER deficient cells) using Ham's F10 supplemented with 0.5% dialyzed fetal calf serum containing 20 μM 5-ethynyl-2΄-deoxyuridine (EdU, ThermoFisher Scientific). 2΄-Deoxy-5-fluorouridine (1 μM) (Floxuridine, Sigma-Aldrich) was added to inhibit the thymidylate synthase to prevent the generation of endogenous thymidine. After Edu labeling, medium was changed to Ham's F10 supplemented with 0.5% dialyzed fetal calf serum containing 10 μM thymidine (Sigma-Aldrich) for 15 min to deplete unincorporated EdU in the cell. Cells were fixed by incubation with 3.6% formaldehyde (Sigma-Aldrich) in PBS with 0.5% Triton X-100 (Sigma-Aldrich) for 15 min at room temperature. After permeabilization in 0.5% Triton for 20 min, cells were blocked with 3% BSA (Sigma-Aldrich) in PBS.
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3

Quantification of Endothelial Cell Proliferation after Injury

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To assess EC proliferation after IR, 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, cat. #E10415) was diluted 2.5 mg/mL in sterile PBS and injected intraperitoneally on days 3 and 4 post-injury at a dose of 10 μl/ g body weight. Hearts were harvested from sacrificed animals on day 5 post-injury. Cryosectioning and antibody staining for Erg was performed as described above. To detect endothelial proliferation, the protocol for Click-iT EdU Imaging (Thermo Fisher Scientific, cat. #C10086) was carried out according to manufacturer’s instructions.
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4

Demyelination and Remyelination in Rats

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Male rats animals 10–12 weeks were anaesthetized with isoflurane and subjected to a stereotactic injection into the corpus callosum (AP: 1.0 mm; L:1.2; DV: 2.2) (Supplementary Fig. 3a) with 2.5 μL 0.1% lysolecithin (Sigma, St Louis, MO) in PBS over 5 min using a Hamilton syringe 1710RN (Sigma, St Louis, MO)69 (link),70 (link). Animals were kept for 24 h, 72 h, 10 day or 15 day and evaluated with flow cytometry, qPCR, TEM or immunohistochemistry. For in vivo differentiation, 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) was either injected i.p. 25 mg/kg, or added to the drinking water (0.2 mg/mL) for a period of 10 day following LPC injection or in naïve animals for the same time period. Injected animals were kept for 6 weeks.
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5

Tissue Proliferation Assessment via EdU Labeling

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Staining for proliferation in tissue sections and organoids was performed according to manufacturer’s instructions using the Click-iT™ EdU Cell Proliferation Kit for Imaging, Alexa Fluor™ 647 dye (Invitrogen). To label proliferative cells in small intestinal organoids, 10 μM 5-ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine (EdU) (Thermo Fisher) was added to ENR medium in vitro for 10 minutes before dissociating organoid samples in cell recovery solution as described. For pulse-chase experiments in vivo mice were intraperitoneally injected with 500 ng of EdU diluted in sterile PBS 30 minutes (short timepoint) or 48 hours (long timepoint) before sacrifice.
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6

EdU Labeling of Proliferating Cells

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Cells were exposed to 10 µM of 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU; Thermo Fisher Scientific) for 1 h at 37 °C. The cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, permeabilized with 0.5% Triton X-100, and reacted with Click Additive Solution (Beyotime, Shanghai, China) for 30 min in the dark. Nuclei were stained with Hoechst 33,342 (Beyotime). Proliferating cells were visualized under a fluorescence microscope.
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7

T Cell Proliferation Assay for PBMC Stimulation

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Human PBMCs from five healthy donors were thawed from ImmunXperts biobank and incubated with respective PE/PPE candidates (10µg/mL) for 7 days at 37°C. PBMCs from same donors were incubated with CEF (Mabtech, 3616-1) (HLA class I control) and CEFTA (Mabtech, 3617-1) (HLA class II control) peptide pools, a positive control for T cell activation. On day 6 of culture, the cells were incubated with 5-ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine (EdU) (Thermofisher) (1μM) for 16h for assessment of T cell proliferation. The day after, supernatants from human PBMC stimulation assays were collected and stored at−80°C for further cytokine analysis. Each cell culture included a set of untreated control wells. Cells were stained for flow cytometry analysis of T cell surface markers (CD4 and CD8), fixed/permeabilized, and the incorporated EdU was stained with a fluorescent azide to assess T cell proliferation by measuring EdU uptake using flow cytometry.
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8

Crayfish Hemocyte and HPT Cell Proliferation

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Five crayfish were injected with 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) (ThermoFisher) at a dose of 15 μg/g body weight. Three days post-injection, 150 μL of hemolymph was taken from each animal and fixed (0 hpw). Five animals were bled as described in 2.3. One hour later, 150 μL of hemolymph was taken from each animal and fixed (1 hpw). Then, the HPT was removed, HPT cells were dissociated by collagenase treatment [4] (link), and fixed with 4% PFA. After fixation for 10 min at room temperature, the cell concentration in each hemolymph sample was measured. THC was determined for each animal as described in 2.3. For EdU staining, fixed cells were collected by centrifugation at 300 g for 3 min, and permeabilized with 0.5% Triton X-100 for 20 min. Cells were then stained with Click-iT™ EdU Alexa Fluor™ 488 Flow Cytometry Assay Kit (ThermoFisher) following the manufacture's instruction. The GC percentage and EdU-positive ratio of circulating hemocytes, and the EdU-positive ratio of HPT cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. For each sample, 10000 cells were analyzed. For all crayfish, EdU was injected into the abdominal cavity, and hemolymph was taken near the site of injection.
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9

U937-PR9 Cell Culture and EdU Labeling

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U937-PR9 cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium (Sigma Aldrich R7388) supplemented with 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich P4333) and 10% fetal bovine serum (Sigma-Aldrich F9665) and maintained at 37 °C and 5% CO2. U937-PR9 were seeded on poly-l-lysine (Sigma-Aldrich P8920) coated glass coverslips immediately before experiments. Cells were incubated with 10 µM of the synthetic nucleoside 5-Ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) (Thermo Fisher Scientific) for 25 min at 37 °C and 5% CO2.
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10

Evaluating Neurogenesis and Metabolomics

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The Supplemental Appendix describes an estimate of motor thresholds for each rTMS intensity, 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU; Thermo Fisher Scientific) labeling of newly born cells, behavioral analysis, and brain and serum collection. The Supplemental Appendix also summarizes serotonin and BDNF enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, analysis of neurogenesis, and metabolomics.
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