Szx12

The material came from Xishuangbanna in South Yunnan (21°08'N–22°36'N, 99°56'E–101°50'E). The area belongs to the transitional zone from tropical South to subtropical East Asia (Zhu et al. 2004 ). The region has an area of 19,120 km², with mountain ridges running north-south, and the elevation decreasing southwards. The current study is based on 10 years of collecting in Xishuangbanna. More details on the spider diversity in the area and collection methods can be found in Zheng et al. (2015) .
The specimens were preserved in 95% ethanol and were examined and measured with Olympus SZX12 and BX41 microscopes. Photos were taken with an Olympus C7070 wide zoom digital camera mounted on an Olympus SZX12 stereomicroscope. The images were processed with Helicon image stacking software. Vulvae were removed and digested with lactic acid or a 10% warm solution of

potassium hydroxide

(KOH). All measurements are in millimetres. References to figures in the cited papers are listed in lowercase type (fig. or figs); figures in this paper are noted with an initial capital (Fig. or Figs).

The antibiotic sensitivity of T. virens wild-type (WT) to carboxin (Sigma Aldrich, United States) was evaluated using four different media: PDA medium, AY medium (144 mM acetate–acetic acid buffer at pH 6.5, 5 g l^–1 yeast extract and 15 g l^–1 bacteriological agar), EY medium (10 ml l^–1 ethanol, 5 g l^–1 yeast extract and 15 g l^–1 bacteriological agar) and GY medium (10 g l^–1 glucose, 5 g l^–1 yeast extract and 15 g l^–1 bacteriological agar) (Shima et al., 2009 (link)). carboxin resistance was tested on the different media mentioned above supplemented with different concentrations of carboxin (0, 50, 150, and 250 μg carboxin, diluted in DMSO per mL of medium). T. virens WT conidia (1 × 10⁶) were homogeneously spread onto plates contacting the media mentioned above and incubated at 25°C for 7 days under a light/dark cycle. The samples were observed using a stereomicroscope (SZX12 Olympus, Japan) to confirm growth and germination inhibition. For each analysis, three replicates were used with different antibiotic concentrations.

Nymphs of F. occidentalis were allowed to develop until the adult stage while feeding on sweet pepper plants with previous herbivory (either from thrips, aphids or parasitised aphids), and growing on the different soils. From the same plants that were infested for 48 h and a sample was taken for molecular analyses, the fourth entire leaf was used for the performance bioassay (see supplementary methods: Thrips performance). The leaf petiole from each plant was inserted in 2 ml 1.5% plant agar in a 90 mm Petri dish, to maintain leaf freshness. Using a fine paintbrush, five two-day-old nymphs of F. occidentalis were transferred to each Petri dish. In total, there were 144 plates (4 herbivore treatments × 3 soil treatments × 12 replicates) and 720 individuals of thrips (5 nymphs × 144 samples). The thrips were monitored daily, starting 4 days later and until they became adults (±7 days monitoring). Survival and length of adult body-size, measured from head until the last part of the abdomen by a digital microscope (SZX12 Olympus; Tokyo, Japan), was recorded (due to differences between males and females, body size measurements were analyzed separately for each sex). The bioassay was performed in a growth chamber at 22 °C, 40% relative humidity (RH) and a 16 h light and 8 h dark photo regime.

The specimens were collected using a light trap (Holmes and O’Connor 1988 (link); Kim 1992 ) from the Dokdo and Ulleung Islands (East Sea), Korea. The collected specimens were fixed in 80% ethanol, moved to the laboratory, and stored in 95% ethanol. The specimens were identified with a stereomicroscope (Model SZX12; Olympus, Japan). Photographs of the whole body were taken with a microscope equipped with a digital camera (eXcope T500; DIXI Science, Korea) and complemented by Helicon Focus v. 7.7.5 (Helicon Soft Ltd., Kharkiv, Ukraine). The body length was measured from the anterior tip of the carapace to the posterior end of pleonite 6. The lengths of the appendages were measured along the mid-line of each appendage. The whole body was drawn using a stereomicroscope (Olympus SZX12) with a drawing tube. Later, the samples were transferred to glycerin for dissection under a stereomicroscope (Olympus SZX12). Drawing of the appendages was performed using a light microscope (Model BX51; Olympus, Japan) with a drawing tube. Type specimens were deposited at the National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR), Incheon, Korea.

The contact surface of one printed strand per UHMW-PE surface modification was analysed in the optical microscope Olympus SZX12 (Olympus Life Science Europe GmbH, Hamburg, Germany), at a magnification of 50× under reflected light, directly after testing their adhesion forces.