Gallic acid

Folin-ciocalteu reagent, anhydrous sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), Gallic acid, Ascorbic acid, Aluminum chloride (AlCl₃), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), quercetin, potassium ferric cyanide (K₃Fe(CN)₆), iron (III) chloride (FeCl₃), methanol, ethyl acetate, n-hexane, n-butanol, ethanol, trichloroacetic acid(TCA), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), HCl, NaOH, FeSO₄, Tween 20, phosphate buffer, and BrdU Cell Proliferation ELISA assay reagent were provided by Roche, Berlin, Germany. Dulbecco’s modified eagle’s medium was purchased from DMEM, Sigma, Munich, Germany. Fetal bovine serum, PenStrep solution, and 5-fluorouracil were purchased from Sigma, Munich, Germany.

Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (FC Reagent), gallic acid, quercetin, acarbose, 6-hydroxy-2-5-7-8-tetramethylchroman-2carboxylic acid (Trolox), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 2-azino-bis (3ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), potassium persulphate, 2, 2′-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH), sodium fluorescein, 2,4,6 tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ), and α-amylase (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) were purchased from Roche Diagnostics (USA), and 3,5-dinitrosalycylic acid, 4, 4′-disulfonic acid sodium salt (ferrozine), soluble starch, bovine serum albumin (BSA), D-glucose, and trichloro-acetic acid (TCA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). All other chemicals used for the preparation of buffers and solvents were in the analytical grade. Spectrophotometric assays were conducted using 96-well microplate readers (Spectra Max Plus384, Molecular Devices, USA, and SPECTRAmax-Gemini EM, Molecular Devices Inc., USA). The mineral analysis was done using microwave digester CEM Mar 5, USA, using the Easy Prep digestion program and ICP-MS (Agilent 7900, USA).

2,2‐Diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, gallic acid, and 6‐hydroxy‐2,5,7, 8‐tetramethylchroman‐2‐carboxylic acid (Trolox), Roche Cell Proliferation Reagent WST‐1, 6‐gingerol, 6‐shogaol, and 6‐paradol were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich. Human hepatic cell HepG2 was purchased from ATCC (American Type Culture Collection). Culture medium Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium (EMEM) with 1% antibiotic/antimycotic, 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 0.25% trypsin, and 1 mM EDTA were purchased from Invitrogen. Oil Red O staining kit was purchased from Lifeline Cell Technology. Triglyceride Colorimetric Assay kit and Glucose Uptake Cell‐Based Assay Kit were purchased from Cayman Chemicals.