All the restorations were adhesively luted on Ni-Cr master cast dies using a dual cure composite material (Panavia F 2.0, Kuraray Medical Co., Tokyo, Japan) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The master cast dies were sun-blasted with 50 μm Al2O3 powder at an air pressure of 2.5 bar for 10 s. Equal amounts of Panavia Paste A and B (Panavia F 2.0, Kuraray Medical Co., Tokyo, Japan) were mixed and applied to the intaglio surfaces of the restorations according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The restorations were seated onto the dies and held in place by the application of finger pressure. Subsequently, the restorations were cured using a curing light for 20 s. Excess cement was removed with sponge pellets before curing and an air-blocking gel (Oxiguard II, Kuraray Medical Co., Tokyo, Japan) was applied during the setting of the resin cement over 3 min. The obtained specimens were stored for 24 h at 37 °C before being subjected to dynamic aging.
Panavia f2
Manufactured by Kuraray
Sourced in Japan
Panavia F2.0 is a dual-cure, fluoride-releasing, adhesive resin cement for dental applications. It is designed for the permanent cementation of inlays, onlays, crowns, bridges, and posts.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Oxyguard, by Kuraray (3 mentions)
Multilink automix, by Ivoclar Vivadent (2 mentions)
Relyx u200, by 3M (2 mentions)
Oxiguard 2, by Kuraray (2 mentions)
Bluephase, by Ivoclar Vivadent (2 mentions)
Clearfil ceramic primer plus, by Kuraray (1 mentions)
Alloy primer, by Kuraray (1 mentions)
Oxyguard 2, by Kuraray (1 mentions)
Blue phase nmc, by Ivoclar Vivadent (1 mentions)
Variolink esthetic, by Ivoclar Vivadent (1 mentions)
Relyx unicem, by 3M (1 mentions)
Clearfil ceramic primer, by Kuraray (1 mentions)
Relyxtm u200, by 3M (1 mentions)
Variolink n, by Ivoclar Vivadent (1 mentions)
Isomet 1000, by Buehler (1 mentions)
Bluephase meter, by Ivoclar Vivadent (1 mentions)
Relyx unicem 2, by 3M (1 mentions)
Clearfil photocore, by Kuraray (1 mentions)
Elipar deepcure s, by 3M (1 mentions)
Permadyne garant, by 3M (1 mentions)
24 protocols using panavia f2
1
Adhesive Luting of Ni-Cr Restorations
2
Cementation and Core Build-up Techniques
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Resin cement (Panavia F2.0, Kuraray Noritake Dental Inc.) was used for posts and cores in group 1, in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. In group 2, prior to cementation, posts were coated with silane (Silano, Angelus) using a disposable applicator, left for 1 minute, then gently air-dried. They were then cemented using Panavia F2.0 (Kuraray Noritake Dental Inc.). In group 3, teeth were etched with 37% phosphoric acid (Morca Etch, Morvanbon Trading Co., Tehran, Iran) for 15 seconds, then dried with absorbent paper points (Spident Co. Ltd.). Dentin was conditioned with Ambar dentin bonding (Ambar, FGM) in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Clearfil Photocore (Kuraray Noritake Dental Inc.) was condensed into the post space in 2 mm increments, followed by core build-up using a reference core in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
3
Adhesive Luting of Molar Crowns: A Standardized Protocol
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All the crown restorations were adhesively luted on prepared molar teeth using a dual-cure composite material (Panavia F 2.0: Kuraray Noritake Dental Inc: Tokyo: Japan). Equal amounts of Panavia Paste A and B (Panavia F 2.0: Kuraray Noritake Dental Inc: Tokyo: Japan) were mixed and applied to the inner surfaces of the crowns according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The restorations were seated onto the teeth and held in place by the application of the same operator’s finger pressure [33 (link)–36 (link)]. The excess cement was removed with sponge pellets, and an air-blocking gel (Oxiguard II: Kuraray Noritake Dental Inc: Tokyo: Japan) was applied. Then they were cured (Elipar Deepcure-S: 3 M Espe: St. Paul: USA) for 20 s. The specimens were stored for 24 h at 37 °C before being subjected to aging.
4
Zirconia Abutment Coping Luting Technique
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A total of 30 zirconia abutment copings with a luting space of 30 µm were luted with resin composite cement (group RC30). For this purpose, the titanium bases were screwed onto implant analogs (K 3010.4300, Camlog Biotechnologies AG, Basel, Switzerland) to protect the interface. The shoulders of the titanium bases and screw channel openings were covered with adhesive wax to protect them from blasting sand. The luting surfaces of both the titanium bases and the zirconia abutment copings were blasted with 50 µm aluminum oxide and a pressure of 1.5 bar. Subsequently, the components were thoroughly cleaned with oil- and water-free compressed air. The bonding surfaces were conditioned with primers for at least one minute, namely the titanium bases with Alloy Primer (Kuraray Noritake Dental Inc., Okayama, Japan) and the zirconia abutment copings with Clearfil Ceramic Primer Plus (Kuraray Noritake Dental Inc., Osaka, Japan). Pastes A and B of the luting composite (Panavia F 2.0, Kuraray Noritake Dental Inc., Osaka, Japan) were then mixed in a ratio of 1:1 and applied to the surfaces to be luted. After joining the components, the excess was removed, and an oxygen inhibitor (Oxyguard II, Kuraray Noritake Dental Inc., Osaka, Japan) was applied in the screw channel and at the luting space. After a setting time of 20 min, the specimens were finished and polished.
5
Resin-Based Cementation of Crowns
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Each crown was luted onto their respective die using a resin-based cement (Panavia F2.0, Kuraray Noritake Dental, Tokyo, Japan) according to the manufacturer's instructions. A static load of 20 N was applied using a universal testing machine (AI-GS) [14] . Excess was removed immediately after loading and Oxyguard (Kuraray Noritake Dental) was applied around the margin. The crown-die samples were stored in distilled water at 37±1°C for 24±1 h before load-to-failure test.
6
Bonding of Zirconia to Titanium
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The resin cement agent Panavia F 2.0 (Kuraray Noritake Dental, Tokyo, Japan) was mixed by strictly following the instructions of the manufacturer and evenly applied to the surface of the zirconia disks with a bonding area of 3×3 mm by the same operator. The compositions of Panavia F 2.0 including 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate, hydrophobic aromatic dimethacrylate, hydrophobic aliphatic dimethacrylate, hydrophilic aliphatic dimethacrylate, silanated silica filler, silanated barium glass filler, silanated colloidal silica, etc. The titanium specimen was placed at the center of the treatment surface of the zirconia disk, a force of 5 N was applied vertically downward at the center of the titanium specimen, excess resin cement was removed after precuring for 3 s, and then, it was irradiated evenly around the adhesion interface at an angle of about 30 degrees using a light-emitting diode curing lamp (Bluephase N MC, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) for 20 s. The maximum highlight intensity of this curing lamp can reach 800 mW/cm 2 .
After the cement was completely cured, 10 specimens from each group were subjected to bond strength testing after storage in distilled water at 37°C for 24 h, while 10 specimens from each group were subjected to 5,000 thermocycles at 5°C and 55°C (30 s dwell time) (TC-501F, Suzhou Weier Labware, Jiangsu, China) prior to testing.
After the cement was completely cured, 10 specimens from each group were subjected to bond strength testing after storage in distilled water at 37°C for 24 h, while 10 specimens from each group were subjected to 5,000 thermocycles at 5°C and 55°C (30 s dwell time) (TC-501F, Suzhou Weier Labware, Jiangsu, China) prior to testing.
7
Comparative Evaluation of Adhesive Resins
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Three adhesive resin cements were used. A newly developed experimental adhesive resin cement (ECD-89: ECD, Tokuyama Dental, Tokyo, Japan) was evaluated. In addition, two commercially available ones, Multilink Automix (MA, Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Schaan, Liechtenstein) and Panavia F2.0 (PF, Kuraray Noritake Dental, Tokyo, Japan) were employed for this experiment as control materials.
The chemical formulations and the respective manufacturer's instruction for usage of three adhesive resin cements were indicated in Table 1.
The chemical formulations and the respective manufacturer's instruction for usage of three adhesive resin cements were indicated in Table 1.
8
Monolithic Zirconia Crown Fabrication
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Monolithic zirconia crown patterns were waxed up on titanium abutments by using light-curing resin (Photec; China) with the same specifications as the PVZ group. Wax patterns and abutments were then scanned with the CAD software (FastDesign, Glidewell, United States) and milled with the CAM machine from monolithic zirconia blocks (Dental Direkt, Germany) (Fig 2C
Wax plugs were used to preserve the screws from cement so they can be later accessed and tightened. The restorations were cemented onto the abutments by using a dual-cure resin cement (Panavia F2.0, Kuraray, Japan). The abutment channels and the screw access holes were filled with resin composite (Estelite, Tokuyama, Japan) and were left to set completely for 24 hours.
Wax plugs were used to preserve the screws from cement so they can be later accessed and tightened. The restorations were cemented onto the abutments by using a dual-cure resin cement (Panavia F2.0, Kuraray, Japan). The abutment channels and the screw access holes were filled with resin composite (Estelite, Tokuyama, Japan) and were left to set completely for 24 hours.
9
Zirconia Cylinder Cementation Evaluation
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We prepared 96 zirconia cylinders (Lava, 3M ESPE, Seefeld, Germany) that measured 5 mm in diameter and 12 mm in height. The cylinders were densely sintered and washed with acetone in an ultrasonic bath. The cylinders were then rinsed with distilled water, and sterilized by autoclaving at 130℃ for 15 minutes. Then, the cylinders were randomly divided into five groups of 12 cylinders. Group 1 was the negative control group consisting medium alone. Group 2 was the positive control group consisting pairs of cylinders without cement. Groups 3, 4, and 5 consisted pairs of cylinders cemented with RelyX U200 (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA), FujiCEM 2 (GC, Tokyo, Japan), and Panavia F 2.0 (Kuraray, Okayama, Japan), respectively (Table 1 ). Two cylinders were cemented under pressure and each cement gap was adjusted to 100 µm film thickness.
Each pair of cylinders was immersed in serum-free medium at a volume/surface area ratio of 1 cm2/mL for 14 days at 37℃ in a sealed container. The medium without zirconia was maintained under the same conditions and used as the negative control.
Each pair of cylinders was immersed in serum-free medium at a volume/surface area ratio of 1 cm2/mL for 14 days at 37℃ in a sealed container. The medium without zirconia was maintained under the same conditions and used as the negative control.
10
Dual Cure Resin Cements for Dental Restorations
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Five different dual cure resin cements were used for cementing rods to bovine dentin; Multilink Automix (Ivoclar Vivadent), Variolink Esthetic (Ivoclar Vivadent), Panavia F2.0 (Kuraray Noritake Dental), Duo-Link (Bisco) RelyX Unicem (3 M ESPE) (Table 1 ).
Cementation was performed according to producers’ manual and primer was applied when recommended (Table 1 ).
Ten rods from each of the three groups; KHF2 etched zirconia, air borne particle abraded zirconia and HF etched lithium disilicate, were cemented by each cement.
Dentine was cleaned using pumice powder dispensed in water prior to cementation.
After placing the rods onto dentin, a standardized 882 g seating load was applied by a cementation jig. Excess cement was removed using quick stick micro-brush before light curing 20 s each from 4 directions.
All specimens were kept dry at room temperature for 15 min following cementation and thereafter immersed in 37°C distilled water for 24 h.
Specimens were sandblasted using Al2O3 to remove cement remnant outside the rods and evaluated by light microscopy. Test units were thermocycled 5000 cycles in 5 °C and 55 °C water baths.
Cementation was performed according to producers’ manual and primer was applied when recommended (
Ten rods from each of the three groups; KHF2 etched zirconia, air borne particle abraded zirconia and HF etched lithium disilicate, were cemented by each cement.
Dentine was cleaned using pumice powder dispensed in water prior to cementation.
After placing the rods onto dentin, a standardized 882 g seating load was applied by a cementation jig. Excess cement was removed using quick stick micro-brush before light curing 20 s each from 4 directions.
All specimens were kept dry at room temperature for 15 min following cementation and thereafter immersed in 37°C distilled water for 24 h.
Specimens were sandblasted using Al2O3 to remove cement remnant outside the rods and evaluated by light microscopy. Test units were thermocycled 5000 cycles in 5 °C and 55 °C water baths.
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