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4 protocols using sal003

1

Pharmacological Modulation of Cocaine Effects

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All drugs of abuse were dissolved in 0.9% saline and injected in a volume of 5 ml/kg. Cocaine hydrochloride, (−)-nicotine hydrogen tartrate, and USP-grade 95% ethanol were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Racemic methamphetamine hydrochloride was a kind gift from Dr. Kristen Horner (Mercer University School of Medicine). ISRIB (P. Walter) was dissolved in DMSO and further diluted in PEG-400 (1:1 ratio) as previously described (Di Prisco et al., 2014 (link)). For both electrophysiological and behavioral experiments, ISRIB (2.5 mg/kg) or vehicle (DMSO/PEG-400, 2 ml/kg) was injected 90 min before cocaine or saline injection, respectively. Sal003 (Tocris Biosciences, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) was dissolved in DMSO and further diluted in 0.9% saline. Sal003 (20 μM) or vehicle (0.4% DMSO in saline) was infused bilaterally into the VTA as summarized in the 'Cannulation and Sal003 infusion' section.
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2

Modulating Integrated Stress Response

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Tunicamycin (TUN; #12819S; Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers MA, USA) and SAL003 (SAL; #3657; Tocris Bioscience, Bristol UK) were used as generalized ISR activators. Halofuginone (HF; Selleck Chemicals, Houston, TX, USA), sodium arsenite (ARS; MilliporeSigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C; InvivoGen, San Diego, CA, USA) were applied as GCN2, HRI, PKR, and PERK agonists to induce specific arms of ISR, respectively. Trans-integrated stress response inhibitor (trans-ISRIB; Tocris Bioscience) was investigated as an ISR inhibitor.
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3

Modulating SNAT2, GORASP2 and GADD34 in Cells

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Propagation of lentiviral particles expressing shRNA against human SNAT2, GORASP2 and human and mouse GADD34 (TRCN0000020239, TRCN0000278406, TRCN0000003041 and TRCN0000353349, respectively; Sigma-Aldrich) or empty vector (pLKO.1) was performed in HEK293T cells. The osmolarity of media was increased by addition of NaCl for corneal epithelial cells or sorbitol for MEFs. The following reagents were purchased from commercial vendors: Sal003, nocodazole, ISRIB, brefeldin A and golgicide A (Tocris); cycloheximide, MG132, guanabenz and tunicamycin (Sigma-Aldrich). Sephin 1 was a generous gift from Anne Bertolotti (University of Cambridge, UK).
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4

Induction of Cellular Stress Responses

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The MEFs used were described previously (Scheuner et al., 2001 (link)). The cells were grown in high glucose Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, 11960044) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Thermo Fisher Scientific, 26140079), 1X Penicillin-Streptomycin-Glutamine (Thermo Fisher Scientific, 10378016) at 37°C and 5% CO2. For all experiments, cells were subcultured 24 hours prior to the experiment so that cells were ~80% confluent at the time of the experiment. GADD34−/− MEFs were a gift from D. Ron (Novoa et al., 2003 (link)). Hyperosmotic stress was induced with Sorbitol (Sigma-Aldrich, S1876). Other chemicals used in this study include Cycloheximide (CHX) (100 μg/mL) (Sigma-Aldrich C7698), Harringtonine (2 μg/mL) (LKT Laboratories, H0169), Sephin1 (Apexbio, A8708), Sal 003 (1 μM) (Tocris Bioscience, 3657), Torin 1 (250 nM) (Tocris Bioscience, 4247), Hippuristanol (1 μM) (a generous gift from Dr. Junichi Tanaka, University of the Ryukyus, Japan) (Bordeleau et al., 2006 (link)) and CCCP (10 μM) (Sigma-Aldrich, C2759).
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