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4 protocols using ultrapure water hplc grade

1

Standard Analytical Reagents for Sample Analysis

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Analytical-grade standards for the chemical analysis of samples, such as 0.1 N silver nitrate standard solution (Pine Chemical™, Nonthaburi, Thailand), potassium chloride (Daejung™, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea), and potassium chromate (KemAus™, Cherrybrook, NSW, Australia), were purchased from local vendors. Cytidine 5′-monophosphate disodium salt (5′-CMP, ≥99%; AR grade), uridine 5′-monophosphate disodium salt (5′-UMP, ≥99%; AR grade), and L-glutamic acid monosodium salt were purchased from Alfa Aesar™ (Heysham, UK). Guanosine 5′-monophosphate disodium salt hydrate (5′-GMP, ≥97%; AR grade), methanol (HPLC grade), and ultrapure water (HPLC grade) were purchased from Fisher Scientific™ (Loughborough, UK). Orthophosphoric acid (HPLC grade) was purchased from Loba Chemie™ (Tarapur, India). Inosine 5′-monophosphate disodium salt hydrate (5′-IMP, ≥99.0%; HPLC grade) and adenosine 5′-monophosphate disodium salt (5′-AMP, ≥99.0%; HPLC grade) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich Co., Ltd. (Singapore).
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2

Characterization of E-Liquid Compositions

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Sixteen reference solutions of propylene glycol (PG), glycerol (G), nicotine, and water at different ratios (Table S1 in Supplemental Information)23 . Nicotine (3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine (N), C10H14N2, 99%) was purchased from Acros Chemicals (Pittsburg, PA). Propylene glycol (1,2-propanediol (PG), C3H8O2, 99.5%), glycerol (2,3-propanetriol (G), C3H8O3, 99 + %) and ultrapure water (HPLC grade) were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA). In addition, a total of twenty-two commercially available e-liquids at different nicotine concentrations (0%, 1.2%, and 2.4%) in the US market by a popular brand were used to assess the particles’ formation. Their chemical content has been previously characterized23 . These e-liquids were purchased through the internet: blueberry, blueberry cobbler, cherry, Carolina bold, caramel café, gold leaf, menthol, mint chocolate, strawberry mint, tobacco, and vanilla.
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3

Quantification of Vitamins and Folates

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Analytical grades of ascorbic acid, flavin mononucleotide (FMN), folic acid (FA), pyridoxine (B6), pyridoxal (PL) hydrochloride, pyridoxamine (PM) dihydrochloride, and 4-pyridoxic acid (4PA) were bought from Sigma (St Louis, MO, USA). Riboflavin (B2) was bought from Alfa Aesar and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5MTHF), dihydrofolate (DHF) and tetrahydrofolate (THF) were acquired from Cayman Chemicals (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Methotrexate (MTX), purchased from Enzo Life Sciences (Farmingdale, NY, USA), was used as an internal standard (IS) for the assay. The purity of each standard was above 97%, except DHF and THF which were 90% and 95% respectively. Ultrapure HPLC-grade water, LCMS-grade methanol, LCMS-grade acetonitrile and formic acid were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburg, PA, USA) and were used for sample processing and mobile phase systems.
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4

Comprehensive Metabolite Standard Sourcing

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Analytical grade flavin mononucleotide (FMN), folic acid (FA), pyridoxine (B6), pyridoxal (PL) hydrochloride,
pyridoxamine (PM) dihydrochloride, 4-pyridoxic acid (4PA), zinc sulphate, and tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) were purchased
from Sigma (St Louis, MO, USA); riboflavin (B2) was purchased from Alfa Aesar, and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5MTHF),
dihydrofolate (DHF) and tetrahydrofolate (THF) were purchased from Cayman Chemicals (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Methotrexate (MTX),
purchased from Enzo Life Sciences (Farmingdale, NY, USA), was used as an internal standard for the assay. The purity of each
standard was above 97%, except DHF and THF which were 90% and 95% respectively. Ultrapure HPLC-grade water, LCMS-grade methanol,
LCMS-grade acetonitrile and formic acid were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburg, PA, USA) and were used for sample
processing and mobile phase systems. In addition, homocysteine (HCY), methionine (METH), S-adenosyl methionine (SAM), S-adenosyl
homocysteine (SAH), deuterated SAH, cystathionine (CYSTH), methylmalonic acid (MMA), and tris(2-carbixyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) were
bought from Sigma (St Louis, MO, USA). The deuterated MMA was bought from Medical Isotopes (Pelham, NH, USA).
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