Two different styles of microchannel devices described in our previous studies were used for this study (demonstrated in supplemental information Fig. S1. A and B ) [9 ]. Combined utilization of standard negative photolithography and soft lithography was the core of our microchannel device fabrication, with recessed features fabricated on a silicon wafer coated with SU-8 photoresist (Microchem Corp, Newton, MA). The thickness of coating was controlled by spin speed which determined the microchannels’ height. A mixture of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) (Sylgard 184 Silicone Elastomer Base, Dow Corning) and curing agent (Sylgard 184 Silicone Elastomer Curing Agent, Dow Corning) in a ratio of 10:1 (v/v) was poured over the completed master and pre-baked for 2 minutes at 75°C, then solidified for 5 minutes at 150°C. Subsequently the peeled PDMS devices with the designed microchannels were carefully cut, decontaminated with 70% ethanol, and assembled.
Sylgard 184 silicone elastomer curing agent
Manufactured by Dow
Sourced in United States
Sylgard 184 Silicone Elastomer Curing Agent is a two-component silicone elastomer system. It is designed to cure at room temperature and provides a flexible, durable, and transparent finished product.
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Lab products found in correlation
Sylgard 184 silicone elastomer base, by Dow (9 mentions)
Su 8 photoresist, by MicroChem (1 mentions)
Harris uni core, by Ted Pella (1 mentions)
Shipley 1827, by MicroChem (1 mentions)
Egain liquid metal, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Methanol, by Avantor (1 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Su 8 2075, by MicroChem (1 mentions)
Tfocs, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Sylgard 184 silicone elastomer, by Dow (1 mentions)
12 protocols using sylgard 184 silicone elastomer curing agent
1
Microchannel Device Fabrication Protocol
2
Flexible Strain Sensors with Graphene-PDMS Composite
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In this experiment, monolayer graphene powder used as the modifying material for the flexible strain sensors was provided by Nanjing XFNANO Material Science and Technology Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China). The diameter of graphene powder was 0.5–5 μm, the maximum thickness was 0.8 nm, and the monolayer rate was 80%. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was used as the matrix material for the flexible strain sensors. Anhydrous ethanol was used as the dispersant of graphene powder. The mass ratio of PDMS (Sylgard 184 silicone elastomer base; Dow Corning) to curing agent (Sylgard 184 silicone elastomer curing agent; Dow Corning) was 10:1. They were mixed and stirred for 5–10 min before usage. The main materials required in the production of steel wire core conveyor belts are surface rubber (RIT Unvulcanized Top Rubber; UPM), core rubber (RIT Unvulcanized Core Rubber; UPM), and vulcanizing agent (SK823 Hot Vulcanizing Agent; UPM).
3
Fabrication of PDMS Microchannels
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A straight single-layer PDMS microchannel was fabricated using a conventional soft lithography and mould replica technique. A silicon master mould for the microchannel was patterned using a positive photoresist (Shipley 1827, MicroChem, USA) and etched. The mould was then vapour coated with 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyltrichlorosilane (Sigma Aldrich, USA) such that the master mould does not disintegrate and to avoid any subsequent damage to the PDMS channel during the demoulding process. Sylgard 184 Silicone Elastomer Base and Sylgard 184 Silicone Elastomer Curing Agent (Dow Corning, USA) were mixed at a 10:1 (weight:weight) ratio and cast onto the silicon mould. The uncured PDMS on the silicon mould was then degassed in a vacuum desiccator for 2 h to remove any air microbubbles and later cured at 65 °C for 2 h. After gently removing the cured PDMS from the silicon mould, the inlets and the outlets were punched into the PDMS using a reusable biopsy punch (Harris Uni-Core, Ted Pella, USA). Then, the PDMS device was bonded to the cover glass after plasma treatment.
4
Fabrication and Characterization of Galinstan-Based Soft Electronics
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Galinstan alloy (67% Ga, 20.5% In, and 12.5% Sn) was prepared by dissolving In and Sn metals in Ga. All materials have a purity of 99.99%. The iron particles with a diameter from 45 to 50 µm were purchased from Shanghai Yu‐sui Welding Material. SYLGARD 184 Silicone Elastomer Curing Agent and SYLGARD 184 Silicone Elastomer Base were purchased from Dow Corning, American. Ecoflex 00‐30 was purchased from Bentley Advanced Materials, UK. Graphite electrodes were purchased from Donguan Tangxia Xiangyang Graphite Co. Ltd. HCl and NaOH solutions used in this study were freshly made before all experiments. All channels used in experiments were fabricated by milling transparent PMMA plates. DC voltages were provided by a DC power supply (IT6432, ITECH, China). The robotic hand used for the cyclic bending test was sponsored by the Suzhou JODELL Robotics Co. LTD (JQ3‐5). Tensile tests were performed using a material testing machine (YK‐Y0026, Yaoke Equipment), and the change of resistance was monitors using a multimeter (Fluke 8845A, Fluke UK).
5
Fabrication of Pt/WO3 Nanoparticle-Dispersed PDMS Membranes
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The prepared Pt/WO3 powders were first bead-milled with t-butyl alcohol and zirconia beads at 1500 rpm for 1 h. The obtained suspensions were then centrifuged twice at 4800 rpm for 30 min to prepare Pt/WO3 nanoparticle dispersions. These dispersions were added to Sylgard® 184 base at concentrations ranging from 0.50 to 3.00 wt.% and stirred at 393 K and 200 rpm to prepare Pt/WO3 nanoparticle-dispersed bases. Finally, a curing agent (Sylgard® 184 Silicone Elastomer Curing Agent, Dow Corning, Midland, MI, USA) was added to the bases at 10 wt.%. The mixtures were subsequently degassed for 30 min and heated at 353 K for 2 h to obtain Pt/WO3 nanoparticle-dispersed PDMS membranes.
6
Liquid Metal-Reinforced Elastomer Fabrication
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EGaIn liquid metal and hydroxy iron powder were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Australia. SYLGARD® 184 Silicone Elastomer Curing Agent and SYLGARD® 184 Silicone Elastomer Base were purchased from Dow Corning, American. The copper, Ni, zinc, silver, molybdenum and cobalt powder were purchased from NAIYATE Alloy welding material Ltd., China.
When preparing the sample, we first weighed the raw materials and placed them in a plastic test tube with a diameter of 15 mm in the order of PDMS-Fe powder-EGaIn, then stirred the mixture using a high-speed electric stirrer (rotating speed ranging from 400 to 2000 rpm) equipped with a plastic stick (diameter of 4 mm) for 5 min. After that, we vacuumed the mixture for 15 min to remove air bubbles and poured it into a mould made of PMMA board. The mould was placed in the oven (70 °C) for 6 h to obtain the LMMRE.
When preparing the sample, we first weighed the raw materials and placed them in a plastic test tube with a diameter of 15 mm in the order of PDMS-Fe powder-EGaIn, then stirred the mixture using a high-speed electric stirrer (rotating speed ranging from 400 to 2000 rpm) equipped with a plastic stick (diameter of 4 mm) for 5 min. After that, we vacuumed the mixture for 15 min to remove air bubbles and poured it into a mould made of PMMA board. The mould was placed in the oven (70 °C) for 6 h to obtain the LMMRE.
7
Cannabinoid Extraction and Detection
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All the reagents were of analytical grade. Standard solutions in methanol of Δ9-trans-tetrahidrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabinol (CBN) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ethanol and methanol were purchased from VWR (Radnor, PA, USA). Sodium hydroxide and Fast Blue B salt (FBB) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. The PDMS kit (Sylgard® 184 silicone elastomer base and Sylgard® 184 silicone elastomer curing agent) was obtained from Dow Corning (Midland, MI, USA).
Intermediate stock standard solutions of the three cannabinoids tested (1000 µg/mL) were prepared by diluting the commercial standards with acetonitrile and kept at −20 °C until use. Working solutions were prepared by diluting the stock solutions with ultrapure water. Solutions of FBB at a concentration of 25 µg/mL and 0.025 M NaOH were prepared by dissolving the appropriate amounts of the solid reagents in water.
Ultrapure water was obtained from an Adrona system (Riga, Latvia).
Intermediate stock standard solutions of the three cannabinoids tested (1000 µg/mL) were prepared by diluting the commercial standards with acetonitrile and kept at −20 °C until use. Working solutions were prepared by diluting the stock solutions with ultrapure water. Solutions of FBB at a concentration of 25 µg/mL and 0.025 M NaOH were prepared by dissolving the appropriate amounts of the solid reagents in water.
Ultrapure water was obtained from an Adrona system (Riga, Latvia).
8
Fabrication of Microfluidic Devices via Soft Lithography
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In this study, devices were fabricated using standard soft lithography processes on a 4 inch silicon wafer. Channel layer was spin coated with SU-8 2075 (MicroChem, USA) at speed of 500 rpm for 10 seconds and then followed by 2100 rpm for 30 seconds for 100 μm heights. Devices were soft baked at 65 °C for 5 minutes and 95 °C for 15 minutes and cooled for 3 minutes. They were exposed and patterned by ultraviolet for 22 seconds with chrome mask (FrontRange, USA). The wafer was then post exposure baked at 65 °C for 5 minutes and 95 °C for 10 minutes. A sonicator was used for 45 seconds and handshook for 3 minutes to remove unexposed photoresist from the wafer. Devices were then cure baked at 220 °C for 3 minutes. LCATs were then made with the polymer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and Sylgard 184 Silicone Elastomer Curing Agent (Dow Corning, USA) at 11.5 : 1 ratio. After sitting at room temperature overnight, the PDMS channel was peeled from the mold and bonded to the glass. Before bonding, the PDMS channel and glass were treated with oxygen plasma and placed on a hotplate at 90 °C overnight.
9
PDMS Multiwell Fabrication for SERS Substrate
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The multiwells were molded by a PDMS molding replica with an aluminum mold. The aluminum mold has 4 by 4 cylindrical pillars with a diameter of 4 mm. The PDMS prepolymer (SYLGARD® 184 silicone elastomer, Dow Corning, Midland, MI) and curing agent (SYLGARD® 184 silicone elastomer curing agent, Dow Corning, Midland, MI) were mixed at a weight ratio of 10:1. Tridecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrooctyl-1-trichlorosilane (TFOCS, Fisher Scientific, Hampton, NH) was coated on the surface of the silicon wafer (single-side polished 4-inch silicon prime wafer) and the aluminum mold for the easy release of PDMS. The PDMS mixture was then placed in a vacuum container for 30 min to remove all the air bubbles. The degassed PDMS mixture was poured onto the silicon wafer with aluminum molds placed on the wafer surface and placed on a 90 °C hotplate for 12 h for the solidification of PDMS. Then, the PDMS was peeled off from the silicon wafer and the aluminum mold (Fig. 3 step ➃). Each PDMS well was 4 mm in diameter and 4 mm in height. The PDMS multiwell was then trimmed to match the dimensions of the SERS substrate.
10
Sylgard 184 PDMS Microchannel Fabrication
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Sylgard 184 silicone elastomer base and Sylgard 184 silicone elastomer curing agent were purchased from Dow Corning Corporation. PDMS mixed at a 10:1 curing ratio was placed into microchannel molds and cured for 3 h at 70 °C.
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