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7 protocols using carboxylate modified microspheres

1

Quantifying Cellular Bead Uptake

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Cultures were incubated with a 0.0012% w/v solution of 1 μm carboxylate-modified microspheres (Invitrogen) or a 0.0015% w/v solution of 5–5.9 μm carboxyl fluorescent Nile red particles (Spherotech) for 2 h. The medium was removed, and cells washed with ice-cold PBS to remove unattached beads. Cells were stained with Hoechst (4 μg/mL) and Alexa 488-conjugated Griffonia simplicifolia isolectin-B4 (1 μg/mL), imaged using a Leica DMI6000 microscope and the number of beads per cell counted. Four microscopic fields (each 1.9 × 105 μm2) per well in four wells per condition were quantified for a single experiment.
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2

Immunization and Tissue Analysis

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Mice were immunized in the right quadriceps femoris muscle with 50μL of either 1x108 infectious units of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) alone, 50μL 0.02μm yellow-green fluorescent Carboxylate-Modified Microspheres (Invitrogen # F8787) in phosphate buffered saline (0.5% solids, final injected concentration). At the indicated time points post vaccination, blood, the right medial iliac lymph node, spleen and right quadriceps femoris muscle were taken for analysis.
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3

Quantifying Phagocytic Activity of NR8383 Cells

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To determine phagocytic activity, NR8383 cells were incubated with 1.0 µm microspheres at a ratio of 1:30 (cells: particles). Briefly, at the end of treatment period, the media containing 1.0 µm Carboxylate-Modified Microspheres (cat#F8823, Invitrogen, ThermoFisher, UK) was added for 2 h and cells were incubated at normal culture conditions. Cells were harvested by gentle scraping and the cell fluorescence (Ex/Em: 505/515) was measured using the Guava EasyCyte system (Guava EasyCyte 8HT, Millipore, UK). Cells were identified from free particles and cellular debris by their forward and side scatter. Phagocytic activity was assessed by processing the green fluorescence (525 ± 30 nm) of cells and comparison with untreated control. At least 5000 cells were counted for each sample.
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4

ADCD Assay for Complement Activation

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ADCD was conducted as previously described58 (link). Briefly, NVX-CoV2373 Spike protein was biotinylated using EDC (Thermo Fisher) and Sulfo-NHS (Thermo Fisher), and then coupled to red Neutravidin-conjugated microspheres (Thermo Fisher) or directly coupled to Carboxylate-Modified microspheres (Thermo Fisher). Immune complexes were formed by incubating the bead + protein conjugates with diluted serum for 2 hours at 37°C, and then washed to remove unbound antibody. The immune complexes were then incubated with lyophilized guinea pig complement (Cedarlane) and diluted in gelatin veronal buffer with calcium and magnesium (Boston Bioproducts) for 30 minutes. C3 bound to immune complexes was detected by fluorescein-conjugated goat IgG fraction to guinea pig Complement Ce (MP Biomedicals). Flow cytometry was performed to identify the percentage of beads with bound C3. Flow cytometry was performed with an IQue (Intellicyt) and analysis was performed on IntelliCyt ForeCyt (v8.1).
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5

Antibody-Dependent Complement Deposition Assay

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ADCD was conducted as previously described58 (link). Briefly, NVX-CoV2373 Spike protein was biotinylated using EDC (Thermo Fisher) and Sulfo-NHS (Thermo Fisher), and then coupled to red Neutravidin-conjugated microspheres (Thermo Fisher) or directly coupled to Carboxylate-Modified microspheres (Thermo Fisher). Immune complexes were formed by incubating the bead+protein conjugates with diluted serum for 2 hours at 37°C, and then washed to remove unbound antibody. The immune complexes were then incubated with lyophilized guinea pig complement (Cedarlane) and diluted in gelatin veronal buffer with calcium and magnesium (Boston Bioproducts) for 30 minutes. C3 bound to immune complexes was detected by fluorescein-conjugated goat IgG fraction to guinea pig Complement Ce (MP Biomedicals). Flow cytometry was performed to identify the percentage of beads with bound C3. Flow cytometry was performed with an IQue (Intellicyt) and analysis was performed on IntelliCyt ForeCyt (v8.1).
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6

Quantifying PCV2 Viral Particles

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A virus stock was passed through a filter with 0.45 μm pore size, and homogeneously mixed with an equal volume of 0.2 μm red fluorescent Carboxylate-Modified Microspheres (Thermo Fisher Scientific) with a concentration of 107 particles/mL. Mixtures were smeared onto microscopic slides, air-dried, and then fixed for 10 min at room temperature (RT) with 4% paraformaldehyde (PF). Afterwards, mouse 12E12 IgG2b MAb (1:50) was used to stain PCV2 viral particles at 37°C for 1 h, followed by staining with Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated goat-anti-mouse IgG2b secondary Ab (1:200) at 37°C for 50 min. Between and after the incubation, the slides were washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) three times. After mounting the slides, a laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM, Leica) was used to acquire digital images of red fluorophores and green PCV2 virus particles. Fifteen fields were randomly selected to count and calculate the number of stained PCV2 particles, which is in proportion to the number of fluorophores.
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7

Neutrophil Isolation and Oxidative Burst Assay

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Neutrophil isolation and Pc and OB assays were performed according to the procedures described in detail by Miltenburg et al. (2018b) . All samples were processed and run by the same operator who was blinded to the treatment group. Blood samples (ACD-blood) were first diluted with 1 × PBS (20 mL) at room Carboxylate-Modified Microspheres, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Mississauga, ON, Canada; 1.0 µm (488/560 nm, excitation/emission), 2% solids] in the dark for 30 min at 37°C. An aliquot free of beads (control) was simultaneously analyzed for each sample. After 30 min, 200 µL of cold 1× PBS was added to each tube and placed on ice until flow cytometry analysis. For the OB assay, 2 flow cytometry tubes, each containing 200 µL of neutrophils (1 × 10 6 cells) diluted in PBS containing 10% filtered fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen, Burlington, ON, Canada), were incubated at 37°C with 2 µL of 1 mM 2′,7′-dihydro-dichlorofluroscein-diacetate (H 2 DCFDA; Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR). After 15 min, OB stimulation was performed by adding 200 µL of 25 ng/mL PMA (Sigma-Aldrich) to 1 tube. Simultaneously, 200 µL of 1× PBS with fetal bovine serum were added to the control tube. Both samples were further incubated for 15 min and then placed on ice until flow cytometry analysis.
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