Choline chloride

Pomelo was purchased from Lvhang Fruit Co., Ltd. (Zhangjiajie, China). PL 64 (PEO₁₃-PPO₃₀-PEO₁₃, average molecular weight ≈ 2900 g/mol), choline chloride (ChCl, ≥99%), betaine (Bet, ≥98%), xylitol (Xyl, ≥99%), L-(-)-proline (Pro, ≥99%), tetraethylammonium chloride (N₂₂₂₂Cl, ≥98%), tetrabutylammonium chloride (N₄₄₄₄Cl, ≥95%), tetraethylammonium bromide (N₂₂₂₂Br, ≥98%), tetrapropylammonium bromide (N₃₃₃₃Br, ≥98%), tetrabutylammonium bromide (N₄₄₄₄Br, ≥99%), and D-(+)-maltose monohydrate (Mal, ≥99%) were provided by Adamas Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Glycerol (Gly, ≥99%), D-(+)-glucose (Glu, ≥99.7%), oxalic acid dihydrate (OA, ≥99%), ethanol (≥99.7%), citric acid (CA, ≥99.5%), phosphoric acid (PA, ≥85%), ethyl acetate (EA, ≥99.5%), potassium phosphate dibasic trihydrate (K₂HPO₄·3H₂O, ≥99%) were purchased from Greagent Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Neo (99.69%) and Nar (99.88%) were purchased from RefMedic Biotech Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). Other reagents were analytically pure and used without further treatment.

Polyvinyl alcohol (M_w: 205 000) and mannose were purchased from Aladdin (Shanghai, China). Acetylsalicylic acid and choline chloride were obtained from Adamas-Beta (Shanghai, China). Honey (acacia) was obtained from Shanxi province in China and stored at 4 °C. Unless otherwise stated, all reagents and materials were used directly.