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9 protocols using us4000 4kx4k ccd camera

1

Transmission Electron Microscopy of Cells

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Cells were seeded on the Corning® Costar® Transwell® cell culture inserts. When cells were 80–90% confluent, they were then washed with PBS and fixed in 2% glutaraldehyde/0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer (pH 7.4) at room temperature for 1 h. Cells were washed twice in PBS and postfixed in 2% OsO4/PBS at room temperature for 1 h, dehydrated in ethanol and embedded in Epon (Serva, Heidelberg, Germany). Thin sections of 50 nm were contrasted with uranylacetate and lead citrate, and examined using a FEI Tecnai 12 transmission electron microscope equipped with a Gatan single tilt holder and a Gatan US4000 4kx4k CCD camera. All images were assessed and morphological measurements determined using ImageJ73 (link). These data were imported into Prism 9 software for statistical analysis and graphical representation.
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2

Cryo-EM Sample Imaging and Processing

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NS grids were screened on an FEI Morgagni (Thermo Fisher Scientific) microscope operating at 100kV with AMT 1k×1k CCD camera to verify sample and grid quality. Data collection from NS grids were done on FEI TF20 (Thermo Fisher Scientific) operate at 200kV with US4000 4kx4k CCD camera (Gatan) and controlled by SerialEM.69 (link) The dataset was collected at nominal mag of 50Kx with A/pix of 2.18 with defocus range of 1.4–1.8 and a total dose of ~30.0e/A2. Image processing was performed using the CryoSPARC software package.70 (link) The dataset was imported, CTF estimated, and particles were picked. The particles were extracted with box size of 256 × 256 pixels and 2D classification was performed to generated clean homogeneous classes.
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3

Cryo-TEM, RT-TEM, and AFM Imaging of Assemblies

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Both room temperature (RT) and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) were performed using a Tecnai 12 transmission electron microscope; diffraction patterns were imaged using a Tecnai F20 (FEI, Eindhoven, The Netherlands). Images were recorded on a Megaview III CCD camera (RT-TEM), a FEI Eagle 4k × 4k CCD camera (cryo-TEM), or a Gatan US4000 4kx4k CCD camera (diffraction patterns). For RT-TEM, assemblies were negative stained with potassium phosphate (2%, pH 7.2, 10 s). Samples for diffraction were prepared at room temp and cooled down for measuring (−180 °C). Cryogenic samples were prepared in liquid ethane using a Gatan 626 cryoholder (Gatan, Pleasanton, CA, USA). Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) experiments were performed on a Nanoscope VIII Multimode Scanning Force Microscope (Bruker) operated in tapping mode in air. Image processing (first order flattening) was performed in the NanoscopeAnalysis 8.15 software, and statistical analysis was performed using the open source software FiberApp20 (link). More details are provided in Supplementary Methods.
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4

Electron Microscopy of Protein Aggregates

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Protein aggregates from the end point of turbidity assays were diluted fivefold with water. Formvar/carbon-coated EM nickel grids (400 mesh; Ted Pella) were incubated onto glow discharge for 1 min. The grids were placed on formvar/carbon side down on top of a drop of the sample solution for 1 min. The grids were removed, blotted with filter paper, and placed onto a drop of 1.0% uranyl acetate solution for 1 min. The excess uranyl acetate was removed, and the EM grids were air dried. The grids were observed by an FEI Tecnai Spirit (T12) electron microscope, and the images were captured by a Gatan US4000 4kx4k CCD camera.
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5

Cryo-EM of PARP2-QFRD and Nuc165 Complex

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PARP2-QFRD and Nuc165 were mixed at final concentrations of 6.3 and 3.15 μM, respectively (a 2:1 molar ratio), in TCS buffer (Tris 20 mM, pH = 7.5, EDTA 1 mM, DTT 1 mM) supplemented with 1 mM MgCl2. The salt present in the protein storage buffer brought the final NaCl concentration of this cryo-EM sample to 5.3 mM. 4 μL of this complex were applied on freshly glow-discharged Quantifoil R 1.2/1.3 300 Mesh Copper holey carbon grids (previously cleaned with chloroform and allowed to dry overnight) and vitrified using a Vitrobot Mark IV instrument with the chamber equilibrated at 95% relative humidity and 4°C, using a blot time of 2 s and a blot force of 0.
Grids were screened on a Tecnai F20 microscope (field emission gun, 200 kV acceleration voltage) equipped with a Gatan US4000 4k x 4k CCD camera, using a magnification of 62 000x, a defocus of -3 μm and a total dose of 70 electrons per square angstrom.
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6

Ultrastructural Analysis of Alzheimer's Disease Brain

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Archived samples of plastic-embedded brain biopsy tissue or EM grids (gift of Harry S. Vinters and Anne B. Johnson) used in previous publications [10 (link)] were examined in this study. Table 1 lists the six cases with an AD diagnosis ranging in age from 52 to 84 years as well as six non-AD control cases, aged 62–80 years. The non-AD control samples were of normal tissue obtained while performing surgery for encephalitis, hydrocephalus, or brain tumor. In addition to archived print images that were viewed using a JEOL 100CS electron microscope, a new set of digital EM images were captured on a Gatan US4000 4kx4k CCD camera for some of the cases. New sections were cut from the plastic embedded blocks. A large series of images was obtained from the parietal, prefrontal or frontal cortex and included images of neurons and glial cells with surrounding neuropil, and only the higher magnification images were used for this analysis where synaptic vesicles were clearly distinguishable.

Cases used in the study

CaseDiagnosisAge (yr)Gender
AD-52AD52F
AD-53AD53M
AD-55AD55M
AD-63AD63M
AD-64AD64M
AD-84AD84F
C-62Control62M
C-64Control64M
C-69Control69M
C-70Control70n/a
C-74Control74F
C-80Control80M
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7

Ultrastructural Visualization of Synaptic Membranes

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Synaptosomal fractions were post-fixed with 1% osmium tetroxide, 1% tannic acid and 1% p-phenylenediamine to preserve and enhance the visualization of membranous structures and osmium-treated neutral lipids (Guyton and Klemp, 1988 (link)). See Supplementary material for details. Images were acquired by a FEI Tecnai Spirit T12 electron microscope (ThermoFisher Scientific) with a Gatan US4000 4kx4k CCD camera (Gatan). ImageJ software (NIH) was used to measure the membrane thickness.
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8

Influenza Virus CPC Treatment Visualization

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Influenza virus (B/Lee/40) was chosen as a prototypical influenza virus and was treated with 50 μg/mL CPC for 5 minutes. A CPC concentration of 50 μg/mL was employed to ensure adequate visualization of CPC activity on TEM analysis while still remaining below CC50 toxicity levels. Fifty microliters of sample were placed on glass slides and formvar/carbon -coated TEM nickel grids (400 mesh) were placed over the samples face down for 1 minute. Influenza virus treated with PBS only was used as a sham control. Next, the grid was removed, blotted with filter paper and exposed to 2.0% uranyl acetate solution for an additional 1 minute. Excess uranyl acetate was removed, grids were air-dried, and examined under an FEI Tecnai Spirit (T12) electron microscope (TEI, Hillsboro, Oregon). Images were captured using a Gatan US4000 4kx4k CCD camera. The reviewer of TEM analysis was masked to treatment vs control slides.
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9

Visualizing Synaptosomal Membranous Structures

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Synaptosomal fractions were postfixed with 1% osmium tetroxide, 1% tannic acid, and 1% p-phenylenediamine to preserve and enhance the visualization of membranous structures and osmium-treated neutral lipids (Guyton and Klemp, 1988 (link)). See Supplementary Material for details. Images were acquired by a FEI Tecnai Spirit T12 electron microscope (ThermoFisher Scientific) with a Gatan US4000 4kx4k CCD camera (Gatan). ImageJ software (NIH) was used to measure the membrane thickness.
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