Win ir spectrometer

The crystal phase was analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD; Bruker Co., Bremen, Germany) on a D8 Advance diffractometer using Cu Kα radiation (λ = 0.154 Å). The morphology, structure and size of the samples were determined by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM; Philips XL30 ESEM FEG, Japan) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM; FEI Tecnai G2 S-Twin, München, Germany). The elemental compositions were analyzed by energy-dispersive X-ray energy spectrometry (EDX; Philips, XL-30 W/TMP, Konan, Japan). Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR, Bio-Rad Win-IR Spectrometer, Watford, UK) was recorded in the range of 400–4000 cm⁻¹ using the attenuated total reflection (ATR) mode and the KBr slice method. Atom force microscopy (AFM) images were acquired by Bruker’s Dimension Icon and Multimode-V AFM. The amounts of GdPO₄·H₂O, GdPO₄·H₂O@SiO₂, GdPO₄·H₂O@SiO₂–APS, and PBLG-g-GdPO₄·H₂O were determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA, TA Instruments TGA500, New Castle, DE, USA) in air at a heating rate of 10 °C/min from 25 °C to 800 °C.

EGCG-Se NP were prepared as previously described (Zhang et al., 2010 (link)). Briefly, 2.75 g of EGCG (6 mmol) and 0.129 g of selenious acid (1 mmol) were added to 4 ml of 75% ethanol aqueous solution and stirred to completely dissolve. Then, 10 ml of sodium ascorbate solution (5 M) were dripped into the mixture, and the reaction took place overnight in a nitrogen atmosphere. After dialysis and lyophilization, EGCG-Se NP was obtained.
The size distribution of EGCG-Se NP was assessed with a ZEN3600 instrument (Malvern, Worcestershire, United Kingdom). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images were obtained with a JEM-1011 microscope (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) at an accelerating voltage of 100 kV. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was performed with an X-ray surface photoelectron spectrometer (Thermo ESCALAB 250, United Kingdom). The Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR) and ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra were acquired utilizing a Win-IR spectrometer (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA) and a UV-Lambda365 spectrophotometer (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA), respectively.