release was determined
with a commercial LDH kit supplied by Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.
(Pittsburgh PA, US). Briefly, H9c2 cells were inoculated in a 96-well
plate and grew to about 70% confluence. After the indicated treatments,
50 μL of supernatant per well was carefully removed and transferred
into corresponding wells for the determination of extracellular LDH
levels. Then, 100 μL of DMEM with 2% Triton X-100 was added
to the adherent cells to lyse the cells. Fifty microliters of cell
lysate was transferred to a 96-well plate to determine intracellular
LDH levels. The same volume of prepared reaction mixture was added
to the supernatant or homogenate, separately, and reacted for 10 min
at room temperature by gentle shaking. Stopping solution was added
to stop the reaction. Absorbance was measured at 490 and 600 nm with
a microplate reader (Tecan Infinite F200, Switzerland). LDH release
rate was calculated as follows (experiments were performed 4 times):