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10 protocols using mms 162p

1

Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Analysis

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Paraffin-embedded tissues were stained with H&E and reviewed by a trained rodent histopathologist. Pathology was defined as previously described (21 (link), 22 (link)). IHC was carried out by rehydrating sections, performing antigen unmasking with Tris-EDTA buffer. Sections were blocked with 2.5% goat serum for 1 hour at room temperature and incubated with primary antibodies overnight at 4°C. Antibodies for IHC were used to detect ERG (Epitomics 2805), AR (Santa Cruz sc816), SMA (Sigma A2547), p63 (Chemicon MAB4135), E-Cadherin (Cell Signaling 3195), Vimentin (abcam 92547), ETS2 (Santa Cruz sc351), HMGN1 (abcam 5212), or BACE2 (abcam 5670). Staining was visualized using DAB substrate (Vector) and counter-stained with hematoxylin. Slides were dehydrated and sealed using Permount mounting media (Fisher). For IF staining, cryosections of prostate tissues were sectioned at 8μm, blocked in 2.5% goat serum, and incubated with primary antibodies overnight at 4°C. Antibodies for IF were used to detect YFP (abcam 13970), Vimentin (abcam 92547), K5 (Covance PRB-160P) or K8 (Covance MMS-162P). Alexa Fluor-conjugated secondary antibodies (Life Technologies) were incubated for 1 hour at room temperature. Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI and slides were sealed with Vectashield mounting media (Vector).
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2

Immunohistochemical Profiling of Epithelial Markers

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The following primary antibodies were used: anti-GFP (Rabbit, 1:1,000, A11122, Molecular Probes), anti-GFP (mouse, 1:300, 2955, Cell Signaling), anti-GFP (Chicken, 1:2000, ab13970, Abcam), anti-K5 (rabbit, 1:3000, PRB-160P, Covance), anti-K8 (mouse, 1:2500, MMS-162P, Covance), anti-p63 (mouse, 1:200, sc-8431, Santa Cruz), anti-Ki67 (mouse, 1:1000, NCL-ki67, Novacastra), anti-E-cadherin (mouse, 1:300, c20820, BD Transduction Laboratories), anti-androgen receptor (rabbit, 1:500, sc-816, Santa Cruz). Biotinylated anti-rabbit or anti-mouse secondary antibodies (BA-1000 or BA-9200, Vector Laboratories) were used for immunohistochemistry experiments. For immunofluorescence studies AlexaFluor-conjugated anti-rabbit, anti-mouse or anti-chicken antibodies (Molecular Probes) were used.
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3

Histological Analysis of Metastatic Tumor Samples

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Tumor samples and soft tissues were fixed in 4% para-formaldehyde (PFA, Fisher) and processed for paraffin-embedding, sectioning, H&E and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Bones were fixed in 4% PFA at 4°C for 72h, decalcified in 0.5M EDTA (pH 8) for 7 days at 4°C, and embedded in paraffin (21 (link)). Antibodies for IHC were vWF (AOO82, DAKO), CK5 (PRB-160P, Covance), CK8 (MMS-162P, Covance), CCR5 (A00979, GenScript) for staining on tumor sections. CK5 staining was performed after deparaffinization and rehydration without the antigen retrieval treatment on bone and brain samples to confirm the presence of basal prostate epithelial cells. CK8 staining needed pretreatment of slides with a citrate buffer retrieval solution (Biogenex) and was performed to show the presence of luminal prostate epithelial cells in bone and brain samples. TRAP (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase) staining was performed after deparaffinization and rehydratation as directed by the manufacturer (Sigma-Aldrich) to identify active osteoclasts at the surface between metastatic lesion and compact bone (22 (link), 23 (link)). The tetrachrome method was performed on bones to identify woven bone in the osteoblastic lesions areas (22 (link), 24 (link)).
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4

Fluorescent Staining of Mouse Prostate

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For fluorescent staining of cultured mouse prostate tissues, 6–8 μm frozen sections were stained with primary antibodies including CK5 (SIG-3475 and PRB-160P, Covance), CK8 (MMS-162P, Covance), CHRM3 (#251652, Abbiotec; sc-9108, Santa Cruz), p63 (sc-8431, Santa Cruz), Ki67 (ab16667, Abcam), TUJ-1 (T2200, Sigma), RFP (PM005, MBL) and ChAT (MAB305, Millipore). The primary antibodies were visualized with Alexa Fluor 488 or 594 conjugated secondary Fab fragment antibodies (Jackson ImmunoResearch). Fluorescent images were taken using a Leica DM2500 microscope.
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5

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Prostate Cancer in Mice

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In this study, we used the new guidelines recommended by The Mouse Models of Human Cancers Consortium Prostate Pathology Committee in 2013 for our pathological analyses32 (link). Mouse tissues were fixed and processed as described in our previous study31 (link). Tissue slides were exposed to different first antibodies in PBS with 1% goat serum at 4°C overnight, including 1:500 dilution of anti-human AR (sc-7305, Santa Cruz), 1:500 dilution of anti-mouse/human AR (sc-816, Santa Cruz), 1:250 dilution of anti-p63 (sc-8431, Santa Cruz), 1:3000 dilution of anti Ki67 (NCL-ki67, Novacastra), 1:500 dilution of anti-β-catenin (sc-7199, Santa Cruz), 1:300 dilution of anti-E-cadherin (c20820, Transduction Laboratories), 1:800 dilution of anti-CK5 (PRB-160P, Covance), 1:800 dilution of anti-CK8 (MMS-162P, Covance), 1:200 dilution of anti-synaptophysin (18-0130, Invitrogen), 1:100 dilution of anti-SPP1 (91655, Abcam), and 1:50 dilution of anti-Egr1 (4153, Cell Signaling) antibodies. Slides were then incubated with biotinylated anti-rabbit or anti-mouse secondary antibody (BA-1000 or BA-9200, Vector Laboratories) for 1 h, horseradish peroxidase streptavidin (SA-5004, Vector Laboratories) for 30 min, and then visualized by DAB kit (SK-4100, Vector Laboratories). All samples were subsequently counterstained with 5% (w/v) Harris Hematoxylin.
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6

Immunohistochemical Profiling of Prostate Cancer

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The primary antibodies used and their subsequent dilutions were: anti-P16 (rabbit, 1:1000, SC-1207, Santa Cruz), anti-human AR (mouse, 1:250, sc-7305, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), anti-CK5 (rabbit, 2400, PRB-160P, Covance), anti-CK8 (mouse, 1:2000, MMS-162P, Covance), anti-p63 (mouse, 1:2000, sc-8431, Santa Cruz), anti Ki67 (mouse, 1:1000, NCL-ki67, Novacastra), anti-E-cadherin (mouse, 1:200, Cat. No. c20820, BD Transduction Laboratoriesc, Sparks, MD, United States), anti-mouse/ human androgen receptor (rabbit, 1:250, sc-816, Santa Cruz), anti-synaptophysin (rabbit, 1:100, Cat. No. 18–0130, Invitrogen), anti-SPP1 (rabbit, 1:200, Cat. No. 91655, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), CD44 (Rat, 1:50, sc-18849, Santa Cruz) and anti-Vimentin (Chicken, 1:2000, Cat. No. 919101, Biolegend). The biotinylated anti-rabbit or anti-mouse secondary antibody (BA-1000 or BA-9200, Vector Laboratories), or anti-rabbit or anti-mouse conjugated to AlexaFluor488 or to AlexaFluor594 (Molecular Probes) secondary antibody that were used for IHC or IF staining, respectively.
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7

Immunohistochemical and Immunofluorescence Staining Protocol

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The following primary antibodies were used: anti-GFP (rabbit, 1:1,000, A11122, Molecular Probes), anti-GFP (mouse, 1:300, 2955, Cell Signaling), anti-K5 (rabbit, 1:3,000, PRB-160P, Covance), anti-K8 (mouse, 1:2,500, MMS-162P, Covance), anti-p63 (mouse, 1:200, sc-8431, Santa Cruz), anti-β-catenin (rabbit, 1:500, sc-7199, Santa Cruz), anti-β-catenin (mouse, 1:500, 610154, BD Transduction Laboratories), anti Ki67 (mouse, 1:1,000, NCL-ki67, Novacastra), anti-E-cadherin (mouse, 1:300, c20820, BD Transduction Laboratories), anti-androgen receptor (rabbit, 1:500, sc-816, Santa Cruz), anti-synaptophysin (rabbit, 1:500, 18-0130, Invitrogen), anti-BrdU (mouse, 1:200, 5292, Cell Signaling), and anti-Nkx3.1 (rabbit, 1:3,000, provided by Dr. Cory Abate-Shen, Columbia University, New York). The biotinylated anti-rabbit or anti-mouse secondary antibody (BA-1000 or BA-9200, Vector Laboratories), or anti-rabbit or anti-mouse conjugated to AlexaFluor488 or to AlexaFluor594 (Molecular Probes) secondary antibody was used for were used for immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence staining, respectively.
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8

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Prostate Cancer in Mice

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In this study, we used the new guidelines recommended by The Mouse Models of Human Cancers Consortium Prostate Pathology Committee in 2013 for our pathological analyses32 (link). Mouse tissues were fixed and processed as described in our previous study31 (link). Tissue slides were exposed to different first antibodies in PBS with 1% goat serum at 4°C overnight, including 1:500 dilution of anti-human AR (sc-7305, Santa Cruz), 1:500 dilution of anti-mouse/human AR (sc-816, Santa Cruz), 1:250 dilution of anti-p63 (sc-8431, Santa Cruz), 1:3000 dilution of anti Ki67 (NCL-ki67, Novacastra), 1:500 dilution of anti-β-catenin (sc-7199, Santa Cruz), 1:300 dilution of anti-E-cadherin (c20820, Transduction Laboratories), 1:800 dilution of anti-CK5 (PRB-160P, Covance), 1:800 dilution of anti-CK8 (MMS-162P, Covance), 1:200 dilution of anti-synaptophysin (18-0130, Invitrogen), 1:100 dilution of anti-SPP1 (91655, Abcam), and 1:50 dilution of anti-Egr1 (4153, Cell Signaling) antibodies. Slides were then incubated with biotinylated anti-rabbit or anti-mouse secondary antibody (BA-1000 or BA-9200, Vector Laboratories) for 1 h, horseradish peroxidase streptavidin (SA-5004, Vector Laboratories) for 30 min, and then visualized by DAB kit (SK-4100, Vector Laboratories). All samples were subsequently counterstained with 5% (w/v) Harris Hematoxylin.
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9

Immunohistochemical Characterization of Cell Populations

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The following antibodies were used: CK5 (1:1,000, PRB-160P; Covance), P63 (1:600, clone 4A4; Santa Cruz Biotechnology), CK8 (1:1,000, MMS-162P; Covance), CK18 (1:500, ab82254; Abcam), Ki67 (1:200, RM-9106; Thermo Scientific), anti-BrdU (1:1,000, #347580; Becton Dickinson), and Alexa Fluor 488 donkey anti-rabbit IgG (H+L, 1:500, A-21206; Life Technologies).
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10

Immunohistochemistry and Immunofluorescence Antibody Panel

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The antibodies used for immunohistochemistry were pAKT Ser473 (Cell Signaling Technology; 4060; 1:50 dilution), PTEN (Cell Signaling Technology; 9188; 1:50 dilution), Beta-Catenin (BD Transduction Laboratories; 610154; 1:1000), Ki67 (Abcam; ab16667; 1:100) and GFP (Abcam; ab13970; 1:1000). P63 (Abcam; ab124762; 1:250) and Ck8 (Covance; MMS-162P; 1:1000) were used for immunofluorescence.
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