Anhydrous ethanol

Zein (protein content of 90%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, (Steinheim, Germany). Shellac (chemical pure grade) was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Curcumin (analytical reagent grade) was purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Tributyl citrate and oleic acid were of analytical grade and purchased from Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Anhydrous ethanol, glycerin, calcium chloride, and other analytical grade reagents were purchased from Xilong Chemical Co., Ltd. (Guangzhou, China). 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azi-nobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) were purchased from Grace Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Suzhou, China).

Robenidine Hydrochloride (Purity ≥ 98%, Quality ratio, Dr. Ehrenstorfer GmbH, Augsburg, Germany), Robenidine-D8 Standard (Purity ≥ 98%, Quality ratio, Dr. Ehrenstorfer GmbH, Augsburg, Germany), and Robenidine Hydrochloride Raw Material (CAS 25875-50-7, Purity 98%, Shouguang Huachih Chemical Co., Shandong, China) were used. Ethyl acetate, hexane, and formic acid (chromatographic purity, J.T. Baker Co., NJ, USA). Anhydrous ethanol (analytically pure, Xilong Chemical Co., Ltd., Fujian, China), distilled water, soluble starch (analytically pure, Xiangzhong Chemical Reagent Supply Station, Shanghai, China), anhydrous magnesium sulfate (analytically pure, Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China), and heparin sodium (biological grade, Shanghai Biochemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China). Mettler-TOLE-DOAE-240 precision electronic balance (Mettler-Toledo, Zurich, Switzerland), 20PR-520 high-speed refrigerated centrifuge (Hitachi, Japan), speed mixer (Shanghai Kanghua, Shanghai, China), nitrogen blower (AOSHENG, Hangzhou Aosheng Instrument Co., Ltd., Zhejiang, China), rotary evaporator (Gongyi Yuhua, Henan, China), HPLC–Tandem Mass Spectrometer (Surveyor MS Pump Plus, Surveyor Autosampler Plus, Thermo TSQ Quantum Access MAX and Thermo LCquan 2.6 data acquisition system, Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA, USA).

Arachidonic acid (AA, CAS 506-32-1) was purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co, LTD. Aspirin was purchased from MedChemExpress. Tibetan tea was purchased from Sichuan Jixiang Tea Co., Ltd. anhydrous sodium acetate and DMSO were purchased from Shenggong Bioengineering (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. Anhydrous ethanol was purchased from Xilong Science Co., Ltd. SOD, MDA, ROS and other detection kits were purchased from Nanchang Excellence Biotechnology Co, LTD. TransStart Green qPCR SuperMix (AQ141-02) was purchased from Jiangxi Biyou Technology Co, LTD.

Penicillin G acylase (90%, CAS: 9014-06-6, Zhejiang Wild Wind Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd). Penicillin G potassium salt (98.0%, CAS: 113-98-4, Shanghai Maclin Biochemical Technology Co., LTD), P-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (PDAB) (98.0%, CAS: 100-10-7, Shanghai Aladdin Reagent Co., Ltd). Coomassie Brilliant Blue G250 (AR, CAS: 6104-58-1, Beyotime Biotechnology). Sodium hydroxide (AR, CAS: 1310-73-2), Glacial acetic acid (99.99%, CAS: 64-19-7), Sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate (99.0%, CAS: 13472-35-0), 25% glutaraldehyde solution (BR, CAS: 111-30-8), Hydrochloric acid (AR, CAS: 7647-01-0), 6-aminopicillanic acid (6-APA) (98.0%, CAS: 551-16-6), Sodium silicate 9-hydrate (AR, CAS: 13517-24-3), Nickel nitrate hexahydrate (98.0%, CAS: 13478-00-7), Copper nitrate trihydrate (99.0%, CAS: 10031-43-3), Zinc nitrate trihydrate (98.0%, CAS: 10196-18-6), Iron nitrate hexahydrate (98.5%, CAS: 7782-61-8) (Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd). Sodium chloride (99.8%, CAS: 7647-14-5), Phosphoric acid (HPLC, CAS: 7664-38-2) (Chengdu Chron Chemicals Co., Ltd). Anhydrous disodium hydrogen phosphate (99.99%, CAS: 7558-79-4, Shanghai Zhanyun Chemical Co., Ltd). Anhydrous ethanol (AR, 99.7%, CAS: 64-17-5, Xilong Scientific Co., Ltd). Phosphate buffered saline (1M, Servicebio Biological, Wuhan).

Camellia husks were purchased from an oil extraction plant in Quanzhou, China. Silk fabric was purchased from the local market in Wuhan (warp-knitted fabric, 20 g m⁻²). Acetic acid, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, anhydrous ethanol, methanol, ferrous sulphate heptahydrate, copper sulphate pentahydrate, aluminium sulphate octadecahydrate were supplied by Xilong Science Co. Ltd. Chromium trichloride and neodymium chloride were purchased from Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co. Ferric chloride was supplied by Tianjin Fuchen Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine (DPPH) was purchased from Hefei BOSF Biotechnology Co. Ltd. All reagents were used as received without any further purification.

CS (deacetylation ≥90%) was purchased from Lanji Technology Development Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). GO (purity >90 wt%, a thickness of 3.4–7.0 nm, 5–10 layers, a diameter of 10–50 μm, and a specific surface area of 100–300 m²/g) was purchased from Tanfeng Graphene Technology Co., Ltd. (Suzhou, China). Glutaraldehyde with a purity of 50% was purchased from Aladdin Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Sodium arsenite (as As(III)) was purchased from Best Reagent Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). Other reagents and chemicals including HCl, FeCl₂·4H₂O, NaOH, anhydrous ethanol, acetic acid, and methanol were analytical grade and purchased from Xilong Science Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Deionized water was prepared using a Milli-Q water system (Millipore, Boston, MA, USA).

Osmanthus fragrans was acquired at a farmers’ market. Chemicals purchased from Xilong Chemical Co. included potassium hydroxide (KOH), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 95%), hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37%), and anhydrous ethanol (95%, AR). Methyl orange (MO, AR), methylene blue (MB, AR), rhodamine B (RhB, AR), and Congo red (CR, AR) were bought from Aladdin (Shanghai, China). Malachite green (MG, AR), and crystalline violet (CV, AR) were bought from Xilong Chemical Co., Ltd. (Shantou, China).