For monitoring of AAA development and progression after PPE surgery, the dilation of the abdominal aorta was analyzed by measuring the aortic diameter within the aneurysm segment via Ultrasound. Ultrasound measurements were performed prior surgery (baseline) and at day 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 after PPE. For ultrasound imaging, all mice were anesthetized with 2%–3% isoflurane and positioned on a heating plate at 37°C. All ultrasound measurements were conducted using a Vevo 2,100® High-Resolution In Vivo Micro-Imaging System (VisualSonics). Inner aortic diameter and aortic wall thickness were measured using a standardized imaging algorithm with longitudinal B-Mode imaging during the systolic phase.
Vevo 2100 high resolution in vivo micro imaging system
Manufactured by Fujifilm
Sourced in Canada
The Vevo 2100 is a high-resolution in vivo micro-imaging system developed by Fujifilm. It is designed to capture detailed images and data of small animal models for research purposes.
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8 protocols using vevo 2100 high resolution in vivo micro imaging system
1
Monitoring Aortic Aneurysm Progression via Ultrasound
2
Cardiac and Vascular Ultrasound Imaging in Mice
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Mice were anesthetized with an isoflurane vaporizer (VetEquip), and each limb was placed on ECG leads on a Vevo Mouse Handling Table (VisualSonics), maintaining the body temperature at 37 °C during the study. Transthoracic echocardiography and transabdominal ultrasonography were performed using the Vevo 2100 High-Resolution In Vivo Micro-Imaging System and MS550D transducer (VisualSonics), with heart rate at 500 to 550 beats per min. The images were acquired as 2D (left parasternal long and short axes), M-mode (left parasternal short axis), speckle tracking, and transabdominal 2D measurements. Measurements were averaged from images acquired during three consecutive heart beats. All echocardiogram and sonogram measurements were performed with an experienced operator blinded to mouse genotype. Differences between groups of mice were determined using the unpaired Student’s t test.
3
In Vivo Echocardiography in Mice
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Induction of anesthesia was performed in an enclosed container filled with 5% isoflurane. After induction, the mice were placed on a warming pad to maintain body temperature. 1 – 1.5% isoflurane was supplied via a nose cone to maintain a surgical plane of anesthesia. The hair was removed from the upper abdominal and thoracic area with depilatory cream. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed in the supine or left lateral position. Two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiographic images were recorded using a Vevo 2100 high resolution in vivo micro-imaging system (Visual Sonics). We measured LV ejection fraction from the two-dimensional long axis view. In addition we measured systolic and diastolic dimensions and wall thickness by M-mode in the parasternal short axis view at the level of the papillary muscles. Fractional shortening and ejection fraction were also calculated from the M-mode parasternal short axis view.
4
Cardiac Function Evaluation in Rats
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At the end of the fourth week post the treatment, rats were anaesthetized in ultrasonic atomization with 2% isoflurane. Next, a Vevo 2100 high-resolution in vivo microimaging system (VisualSonics, Canada) was employed to obtain high-quality images used for measuring left ventricular internal diameter during diastole (LVIDd), left ventricular internal diameter during systole (LVIDs), left ventricular anterior wall thickness during diastole (LVAWd), left ventricular anterior wall thickness during systole (LVAWs), left ventricular posterior wall thickness during diastole (LVPWd), left ventricular posterior wall thickness during systole (LVPWs), fractional shortening, and ejection fraction as described previously [10 (link)].
After rats were anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (i.p., 45 mg/kg), a 24-gauge polyethylene catheter filled with heparin was introduced into the right carotid artery of rats, where aortic systolic pressure (AoSP) and aortic diastolic pressure (AoDP) were measured using a BL-420S system (Chengdu Tai-meng Technology Co., Ltd., Sichuan, China). Subsequently, the maximal rate of the left ventricular pressure increase (dp/dt max) and decrease (dp/dt min) and heart rate were determined after the catheter was further introduced into the left ventricle.
After rats were anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (i.p., 45 mg/kg), a 24-gauge polyethylene catheter filled with heparin was introduced into the right carotid artery of rats, where aortic systolic pressure (AoSP) and aortic diastolic pressure (AoDP) were measured using a BL-420S system (Chengdu Tai-meng Technology Co., Ltd., Sichuan, China). Subsequently, the maximal rate of the left ventricular pressure increase (dp/dt max) and decrease (dp/dt min) and heart rate were determined after the catheter was further introduced into the left ventricle.
5
In Vivo Echocardiography in Mice
6
Echocardiographic Assessment of Murine Cardiac Function
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Echocardiography of mice was performed in the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Biotelemetry & Ultrasound Imaging Core facility [11] (link). A Vevo 2100 high-resolution in vivo micro imaging system (VisualSonics, Toronto, Canada) with the MS400 Vevo MicroScan transducer (18–38 MHz) was used for ultrasound measurements. Animal anesthesia was induced with 2.5% isoflurane, and anesthesia was maintained with 1.5% isoflurane during imaging. All hair was removed from the chest with a depilatory cream. Short axis M-mode recordings at the mid left ventricular (LV) level were used to obtain conventional echocardiographic parameters, including the thickness of the left ventricular anterior wall, left ventricular posterior wall, left ventricular inner diameter, left ventricular volume, ejection fraction, fractional shortening, and stroke volume. Pulsed-wave Doppler was used to measure PA flow in short axis recordings at the level of the aortic valves. All analyses were performed with the Vevo 2100 cardiac analysis software package (VisualSonics).
7
Transthoracic Echocardiography Imaging Protocol
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Transthoracic echocardiography was conducted using a Vevo 2100 High‐Resolution In Vivo Microimaging System (Visual Sonics, Toronto, ON, Canada) as previously described.12 , 13 , 15 After the rats were anaesthetized in ultrasonic atomization with 2% isoflurane, all good‐quality images were obtained to measure left ventricular internal diameter (LVID) during diastole or systole, left ventricular anterior wall thickness (LVAW) during diastole or systole, left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPW) during diastole or systole, fractional shortening (FS) and ejection fraction (EF).
8
Aortic Diameter Measurement in Mice
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Before PPE surgery (day 0) and on days 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 following surgery, maximal aortic diameters at the aneurysm site were measured using ultrasound. Inner diameter-measurements were obtained following a standardized imaging algorithm with longitudinal B-Mode images during the systolic phase. Mice were anaesthetized with 2% isoflurane, placed on a 37 °C heated plate and ultrasound imaging was performed using a Vevo 2100® High-Resolution In Vivo Micro-Imaging System (VisualSonics).
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