Other 22 WKY rats were pretreated with capsaicin (Sigma-Aldrich, MO, USA) and separated to Sham-Cap group (n=11) and WAS-Cap group (n=11). The baseline in body weight was 195.4±5.5 g vs 193.8±12.4g (p>0.05). capsaicin pretreatment was to desensitize C-fibers afferents using previously described methods.36–38 (link) In brief, capsaicin was dissolved in a vehicle containing 10% ethanol, 10% Tween 80 (Sigma-Aldrich) and 80% saline at a concentration of 10 mg/mL. capsaicin solutions were administered subcutaneously over a 36-hour period (total dose 125 mg/kg). To prevent capsaicin-mediated respiratory failure, atropine (0.5 mg/kg) were injected intraperitoneally before the capsaicin injection. The eye wipe test was utilized to evaluate capsaicin desensitization before WAS or handling exposure.
Capsaicin
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Sao Tome and Principe, Japan, Italy, France, Canada, Brazil, Australia, Macao, Belgium, Ireland, Mexico
Capsaicin is a chemical compound found in various chili peppers. It is used as a laboratory reagent and is often employed in the study of pain perception and the somatosensory system. Capsaicin acts as an agonist for the TRPV1 receptor, which is involved in the detection of heat, pain, and certain pungent chemicals.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Capsazepine, by Merck Group (48 mentions)
Menthol, by Merck Group (25 mentions)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (20 mentions)
Dihydrocapsaicin, by Merck Group (20 mentions)
Indomethacin, by Merck Group (15 mentions)
Cinnamaldehyde, by Merck Group (15 mentions)
Tween 80, by Merck Group (14 mentions)
Histamine, by Merck Group (14 mentions)
Fura 2 am, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (14 mentions)
Allyl isothiocyanate, by Merck Group (13 mentions)
Formalin, by Merck Group (12 mentions)
Penicillin streptomycin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (10 mentions)
Glutamate, by Merck Group (9 mentions)
Potassium chloride (kcl), by Merck Group (9 mentions)
Acetic acid, by Merck Group (9 mentions)
Amg9810, by Merck Group (8 mentions)
Bradykinin, by Merck Group (8 mentions)
Quercetin, by Merck Group (8 mentions)
Eugenol, by Merck Group (8 mentions)
Naloxone, by Merck Group (8 mentions)
541 protocols using capsaicin
1
Capsaicin Pretreatment for C-Fiber Desensitization
2
Investigating Autophagy and Cell Survival
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BC3 and BCBL1 cells were treated with Capsaicin (Sigma Aldrich, 1091108) at the indicated doses or with Tyrphostin AG490 (100 μM), a Janus JAK2/STAT3 inhibitor (Calbiochem, 658411) for 24 hrs. To study the effect of these chemicals on cell survival, these cells were pre-treated with the pan-caspase inihibitor z-VAD.fmk (50 μM) (Calciochem, 219011) for 30 minutes and then cultured in the presence of Capsaicin (200 μM) (Sigma Aldrich, 1091108) or AG490 (100 μM) (Calbiochem, 658411) for 24 hrs. Similarly, these tumor cells were also pre-treated with Sodium Orthovanadate (OV) (100 μM) (Sigma Aldrich, 450243) for 30 minutes before the addition of Capsaicin (200 μM) (Sigma Aldrich, 1091108) in the culture medium for the following 24 hrs. In order to investigate autophagy, PEL cells were pre-treated with 3-methyladenine (3-MA) (5 mM) (Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc., sc-205596) for 30 minutes and subsequently treated with Capsaicin (Sigma Aldrich, 1091108) at the indicated doses for 24 hrs. To better elucidate the autophagic mechanism, PEL were cultured with Capsaicin (200 μM) (Sigma Aldrich, 1091108) for 24 hrs and finally treated with Bafilomycin A1 (Baf), an inhibitor of vacuolar-H+-ATPase, (20nM) (Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc., sc-201550) for the last two hours.
3
Streptozotocin and Capsaicin Protocol
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The compounds used in the present study were streptozotocin (STZ; catalog number S0130; Sigma-Aldrich Co.), capsaicin (catalog number M2028; Sigma-Aldrich Co.). Streptozotocin was dissolved in sodium citrate buffer pH 4.5 0.1M. capsaicin 1% was dissolved in 20% of ethanol, 7% to polyethylene glycol sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80; catalog number P1754; Sigma-Aldrich Co.) and the dilution of 0.1% capsaicin was made with saline solution. Fresh solutions were prepared for each experiment. The doses of all compounds refer to their free bases.
4
Capsaicin's Effects on Obese Mice
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The ob/ob mice were randomized into the following three groups: (1) Normal diet group (n = 5): the mice received standard laboratory chow (Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College); (2) Low-capsaicin diet group (n = 5): the mice received standard laboratory chow plus 0.01% capsaicin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA); (3) High-capsaicin diet group (n = 5): the mice received standard laboratory chow plus 0.02% capsaicin (Sigma-Aldrich). All mice were fed for 6 weeks, and food intake was measured every week. The normal diet had 22.47% of kilocalories from protein, 12.11% of kilocalories from fat, and 65.42% of kilocalories from carbohydrate, with total energy content of 3.42 kcal/g. The ingredients of the diet were crude protein 19.2%, crude fat 4.6%, crude fiber 4.0%, crude ash 6.3%, moisture 8.8%, calcium 1.19%, phosphorus 0.87%, lysine 11.1 g/kg, methionine 4.5 g/kg, cystine 6.4 g/kg, nitrogen free extract 55.9%. The low-capsaicin diet and high-capsaicin diet were generated by adding 0.01 and 0.02% capsaicin to the normal diet, respectively.
5
Capsaicin Modulates Amyloid-β in Neuroblastoma
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Human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y-APP695 cells were stably transfected with the human wild-type APP69515 (link). The cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) containing 4 mM l -glutamine and 4500 mg/L glucose (HyClone, USA) at 37°C and 5% CO2. The medium was supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum (FBS, HyClone, USA). ZeocinTM selection antibiotic (Invitrogen, USA) were added (100 μg/ml) to avoid bacterial contamination and mycoplasma contamination tests were conducted before analysis. To observe the dose-effect relationship between capsaicin and Aβ generation, the cells were incubated without (control) or with various concentrations of capsaicin (0.1, 1, 5, 10, 50 μM) (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) for 24 h. The culture medium did not contain FBS when the cells were treated with capsaicin. The cell culture medium of each group was subjected to ELISA for Aβ40 and Aβ42 concentrations, while the cell lysates were subjected to Western blot for APP metabolites and ELISA for Aβ40 and Aβ42 concentrations in triplicate.
6
Probiotic Resistance to Capsaicin
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Due to the possible bactericidal activity of capsaicin against the probiotics [15 (link)], capsaicin (Sigma-Aldrich) at 20 mM in different concentrations (0.2, 2, and 20 mM) or medium control (De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe; MRS) were incubated with L. rhamnosus L34 (Chulalongkorn University) or L. rhamnosus GG (Mead-Johnson) at 3.0 × 107 CFU/mL for 24 h before determination of bacterial abundance as previously described [55 (link)]. Briefly, L. rhamnosus at an OD600 of 0.1 (3.0 × 107 CFU/mL) in MRS broth with or without capsaicin (Sigma-Aldrich) at 20 mM were incubated anaerobically for 24 h. After incubation, the optical density of each culture was determined at 600 nm (OD600) by spectrophotometer (Bio-Rad Smart Spec Plus, Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc, Hercules, CA, USA) to calculate bacterial number, and then 10-fold serially diluted in MRS broth, and cultured as stated previously for 48 h for bacterial enumeration.
7
Capsaicin-Induced Axonal Alterations in DRG Cultures
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Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) cultures were produced from E16 to E17 Sprague–Dawley rats and maintained as described previously with minor modifications [37 (link)]. (See Online Resource 1: Supplemental Methods for additional details).
DRG cultures were incubated with either capsaicin (Sigma) or control solution (DMSO, Sigma) for 15 min, replenished with fresh medium, and further incubated for 1.5 or 48 h to evaluate axonal swellings and axonal loss, respectively. Serial capsaicin concentrations of 1, 10, 100 μM and 1 mM were tested to optimize treatment conditions and 100 μM capsaicin was used in subsequent experiments because it induced axonal ovoid formation and alterations in axonal mitochondrial behavior without causing axonal loss during the 15-min incubation period. In a set of experiments, 10 μM capsazepine (CZP, Sigma), a capsaicin antagonist, was added to DRG cultures for 10 min before the addition of capsaicin or DMSO.
DRG cultures were incubated with either capsaicin (Sigma) or control solution (DMSO, Sigma) for 15 min, replenished with fresh medium, and further incubated for 1.5 or 48 h to evaluate axonal swellings and axonal loss, respectively. Serial capsaicin concentrations of 1, 10, 100 μM and 1 mM were tested to optimize treatment conditions and 100 μM capsaicin was used in subsequent experiments because it induced axonal ovoid formation and alterations in axonal mitochondrial behavior without causing axonal loss during the 15-min incubation period. In a set of experiments, 10 μM capsazepine (CZP, Sigma), a capsaicin antagonist, was added to DRG cultures for 10 min before the addition of capsaicin or DMSO.
8
Capsaicin-Induced Orofacial Hypersensitivity in Rats
9
Inflammatory Pain Model Characterization
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Capsaicin (8-methyl-N-vanillyl-trans-6-nonenamide), AMG9810 (2E-N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-3-[4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl]-2-Propenamide), λ-carrageenan, and formaldehyde (37% in H2O) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). The CB1 selective antagonist/inverse agonist AM251 (1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-4-methyl-N-1-piperidinyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide) was purchased from Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbor, MI). Capsaicin was dissolved (1 µg/10 µl) in a vehicle of 7% Tween 80 in 0.9% saline, sonicated, and filtered with a 0.22 -µm Millipore syringe filter. Formalin was diluted from formaldehyde stock (100% formalin) in sterile saline to a final concentration of 2.5%. All other drugs were dissolved in a vehicle of 20% dimethyl sulfoxide (Sigma–Aldrich), with the remaining 80% consisting of 95% ethanol (Sigma–Aldrich), emulphor (Alkamuls EL 620L; Solvay) and 0.9% saline (Aquilite System; Hospira, Inc., Lake Forest, IL) at a ratio of 1:1:8, respectively, for intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration and administered in a volume of 5 ml/kg.
10
Detailed Nociceptive Pain Models
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Capsaicin, formalin, acetone, and Freund’s complete adjuvant (CFA) complete cell suspension were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Paclitaxel was purchased from Tecoland (Irvine, CA). Capsaicin (1 µg) was dissolved in vehicle consisting of 7% Tween 80 in saline, sonicated, then filtered through a 0.2 µm Millipore filter and administered in a volume of 10 µl. formalin (37% formaldehyde in water) was diluted directly from stock to 2% in sterile saline and administered in a volume of 10 µl. CFA was diluted 1:1 in sterile saline and administered in a volume of 20 µl. Paclitaxel was dissolved in a vehicle consisting of cremophor EL (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), 95% ethanol (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and saline at a ratio of 1:1:18 respectively in a volume of 5 ml/kg.
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