Rint 2000

Single crystals of Sm_1−xY_xS were grown using Bridgeman method^{31 (link)}. Powders of Sm, Y, and S (99.9% or higher purity) weighed at appropriate molar ratios were mixed in a glove box and were sealed in a quartz tube under vacuum (<10⁻³ Pa). The quartz ampoule was heated at a temperature of T = 873 K for 6 h and was then cooled to 573 K for 24 h. The obtained powder was reground and was then reheated in the same condition. Finally, the obtained powder was reground and was sealed in a tungsten crucible (15 mm diameter, 75 mm long) under vacuum (<10⁻³ Pa) using an electron beam welding system. The sealed tungsten crucible was heated with an induction heating furnace up to 2453 K for 20 h, held for 2 h, then cooled to 2173 K for 24 h and cooled to 1073 K. Subsequently, the furnace was switched off. We analyzed the compositional ratio between samarium and yttrium using inductively coupled plasma (ICP) method. The obtained crystals were identified as the monosulfide from x-ray powder diffraction measurements at room temperature with Cu Kα radiation (Rint2000; Rigaku Corp.).

The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the samples were obtained using a Rigaku RINT 2000 X-ray diffractometer equipped with a monochromatic Cu Kα radiation unit (40 kV, 40 mA). The microstructure of the samples was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using a Hitachi S-8020 scanning electron microscope operated at an accelerating voltage of 10 kV. The microstructure of the samples was further characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using a transmission electron microscope (JEM-ARM200F “NEO ARM,” JEOL) equipped with aberration correctors for the image- and probe-forming lens systems (CEOS GmbH) and an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS; JED-2300T, JEOL). The TEM and scanning TEM (STEM) observations were conducted at an accelerating voltage of 200 kV.

The morphologies of the drug layer, subsequent SR layer, and final tamsulosin pellet were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Each pellet was fixed using conductive double-sided carbon tape on a brass specimen stub, and SEM analysis was conducted using a tabletop microscope (TM3000; Hitachi, Fukuoka, Japan) operating at a voltage of 15 kV.
DSC was conducted using a Q20 (TA instrument, New Castle, DE, USA) for thermal characterization. Approximately 5 mg of each powder, including tamsulosin, blank pellet, and tamsulosin pellet, was placed in an aluminum crucible and sealed with a hermetic cover. The analysis temperature was increased from 120 to 300 °C at a heating rate of 10 °C/min under a nitrogen purge flow of 20 mL/min.
PXRD was performed using a RINT2000 (Rigaku Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) to obtain the crystallinity of tamsulosin. PXRD analysis was carried out using monochromatic Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5406 Å) at 100 mA and 40 kV. Each drug was scanned from 3.0° to 50° (2θ value) with an increment of 0.02°/s.
FT-IR was analyzed to confirm the presence of tamsulosin in the pellet by using a spectrometer (Frontier; PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA). The samples were scanned from 400 to 2000 cm⁻¹ at a resolution of 4 cm⁻¹.

Particles were observed with a transmission electron microscope (TEM, H-7650, Hitachi). Particle size was determined from TEM images using the ‘Analyze particles’ function of ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health). The concentrations of rare-earth elements in the NPs were calibrated with an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscope (ICP-AES, ICPS-8100, Shimadzu). Structural analyses of the NPs were conducted by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) with Cu Kα1 radiation (Rint2000, Rigaku). Near-infrared luminescent spectra of Y₂O₃ phosphors excited by a 980 nm NIR diode laser (IRM980TR-500, Laser Century) were measured with a spectrometer (NIRQUEST512, Oceanoptics) as shown in Fig. S1. Cathodoluminescent spectra and images of the NPs were measured with a spectrometer (TRIAX-320, Horiba-Jobin Yvon) and a cooled CCD camera (CCD-1024 × 256-4, Horiba-Jobin Yvon) placed in a CL measurement unit (Horiba) attached to an FE-SEM instrument (JSM-6500F, JEOL) as shown in Fig. S2.

X-ray diffraction (XRD) was performed with a Rigaku RINT2000. The surface morphology and microstructure of the MECN and MnMoO₄ were examined using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM; JEOL, JSM-7001F, Japan) equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer. The Raman spectra were recorded from 200 to 1000 cm⁻¹ on an Olympus BX41 Raman Microprobe using a 524.4 nm argon ion laser. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was conducted with a JEOL JEM-2100 FEF. The onset temperature and energy release were monitored by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) (Mettler Toledo, TGA/DSC 1).