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38 protocols using fe sem

1

Comprehensive Characterization of Nanoparticles

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Several techniques were employed to characterize the prepared nanoparticles. Se, Se@TMZ/Eud, and Se@TMZ/Eud-Cs were observed under the scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM, Tescan/Mira, Brno, Czech Republic) to evaluate the shape and surface morphology of the nanoparticles. Moreover, the particle size, size distribution, and zeta potential of the nanoparticles were assessed by DLS (Mastersizer 2000; Malvern Instruments, Malvern, Worcestershire, UK). To investigate the surface elements of the final nanoparticle, the EDAX method was used with a field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM, Tescan/Mira, Brno, Czech Republic) coupled with an EDAX detector. The surface modification of the nanoparticles in each step was studied by infrared (IR) spectroscopy recorded on a Nicolet Magna IR-550 (Madison WI, USA) using KBr pellets. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) system (STA PT 1600, Linseis, Germany) with a temperature ramp of 5 °C/min or 10 °C/min was employed under N2 atmosphere with a rate of 50 mL/min to determine TGA curves of the SNPs.
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2

Visualizing Probiotic Microencapsulation Morphology

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The microstructure and surface morphology of the probiotic microencapsulated samples or the dried cells (uncoated bacteria) were visualized using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), TESCAN MIRA (Cranberry Township, PA, USA). The procedure was affixed using double-sided adhesive metallic tape, and the materials was defeated by nitrogen gas following the surface layer sprayed by gold–palladium before observing the morphology under FE-SEM with a 15 kV accelerating voltage [2 (link)].
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3

Characterization and Evaluation of Skin-Worn Sensors

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The surface morphology of the sensing electrode was characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM, TESCAN). The capacitance of the SEMS was measured using an LCR meter (E4980AL, KEYSIGHT) at a frequency of 105 Hz, if not specified. The area of CE was 20 mm × 20 mm, and the area of SE for fingertip pulse detection was 5 mm × 5 mm, if not specified otherwise. A force gauge with a computer-controlled stage (XLD-20E, Jingkong Mechanical Testing Co., Ltd) was used to apply and record the external pressure loaded on the sensor. Porcine skin was used for the sensitivity tests. Before test, the porcine skin was immersed into 0.9% NaCl solution for 24 h at 2 °C.
The skin-irritation test was conducted by laminating the SE and CE on the skin of forearm of six subjects, the electrode-covered skins were observed after removing the electrodes, and reports from the subjects was collected. The on-skin experiment was confirmed and approved by the IRB committee of the Southern University of Science and Technology (Nos. 20190007 and 20200031).
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4

Bioactive Coating Characterization and Ion Release

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The samples were UV-sterilized for 30 min, followed by autoclaving for 20 min at 121 °C before immersion in PBS. The bare and coated specimens were incubated in 10 ml of PBS at 37 ± 0.5 °C. The solution was collected and changed with a fresh one at specified intervals, i.e., 1, 3, 7, 14, and 30 days. Then, 100 µL of HNO3 was added to the collected media, and the resultant media were kept in the freezer at − 32 °C. All of the experimental procedures were carried out under sterile conditions.
The surface morphology and elemental constituents of the SBF- and PBS-immersed specimens were studied by a FESEM (MIRA3 TESCAN, Czech Republic) equipped with EDS. The phase composition of the PBS-soaked samples was determined by XRD Cu-Kα radiation (Bruker D8 Advance, Germany), working at voltage and current of 40 kV and 40 mA, respectively. The spectra were collected in the 2Ө range from 10 to 60° with a step size of 0.04°. The concentration of released Ni2+ and Ca2+ ions in the PBS solution upon soaking at specified intervals was measured via ICP-MS (Elan DRC-e, Perkin Elmer, Shelton, USA) and ICP-OES (OPTIMA 3300 DV Perkin Elmer, Shelton, USA), respectively.
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5

Morphological Analysis of Nisin-Loaded Nanocarriers

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To investigate the morphology of void and nisin loaded multicomponent NCS, SEM was performed by using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) (Tescan, USA). About 2–5 μL of NCS suspension was spread on a glass slide (1 × 1 cm) and dried at room temperature. Air-dried samples were sputter coated with carbon. Samples were analyzed for shape and size using an electron acceleration voltage of 5–10 KeV (Sadiq et al., 2016 (link)).
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6

Synthesis and Characterization of Copper Nanoparticles

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To prepare CuNPs, 0.4 g CuCl 2 was initially dissolved in 100 mL of distilled water. This was followed by a slow addition of ascorbic acid solution to the reaction mixture. The mixture of reaction was stirred at 90 °C until color of the solution shifted gradually to yellow, orange, brown and eventually dark brown-black (Umer et al., 2014) . Then the morphology, shape and size of synthesized of CuNPs were considered by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (FE-SEM, MIRA3 TESCAN, Czech Republic). It is exhibited that CuNPs have a size of about 15-73 nm (Figure 1).
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7

Characterization of Material Samples

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XRD was measured by using Philips-X'PertPro, an X-ray diffractometer with Ni-filtered Cu Kα radiation at the scan range of 10 < 2θ < 80. FT-IR analysis was carried out using Shimadzu Spectrophotometer. The morphology and size of samples were observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM, Mira3 Tescan). 6705 UV-Vis spectrometer, JenWay was used for UV-Vis spectra measurements.
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8

Biosynthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles from Savory Plant

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Biosynthesis of ZnO nanoparticles of S. hortensis was mainly prepared according to the method presented Arinjoy Datta (Datta et al., 2017) (link). To prepare the plant extract, 100 ml of double-distilled water and 10 g of dried savory plant were put into a beaker and then the beaker was put in an electric stirrer (speed of 300 rpm) at 150°C and a for 1 h. After cooling down, the extract was filtered using a Whatman paper filter (No 40) at room temperature and finally a uniform red solution was obtained. To synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles, 100 mL of the savory extract was mixed with 7 g of zinc nitrate and 10 mL of sodium hydroxide, then the mixture was placed in an electric stirrer with a speed of 400 rpm at 150°C. Subsequently, the samples were centrifuged at 5,000 rpm for 5 min. The obtained precipitate was dried at 85°C for 90 min. The dried samples were then put into a porcelain mortar and completely crushed. The obtained powder was passed through a sieve (with a pore size of .015 mm) to complete the nanoparticle synthesis (Figure 1). The powder samples were analyzed and characterized using UV-vis (T80-UV-vis, England), Scanning electron microscope (SEM) (FE-SEM, tescan company, Czech Republic), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) (mira3tescan device, Czech Republic), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) (Stoe company, Germany).
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9

Electrochemical Characterization of Samples

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EIS and CV were used to record electrochemical data. In this regard, μ-AUTOLAB electrochemical system type III and FRA2 board computer, which were controlled by potentiostat/galvanostat (Eco-Chemio, Switzerland) and driven with NOVA software, were applied. We used a SPCE with 2 mm in diameter from DropSens (Spain) as a planar three-electrode which was based on a carbon counter electrode, a silver pseudo-reference electrode, and a graphite working electrode. We executed the EIS analysis within the frequency range of 0.1–100 kHz with 5 mV amplitude and with a bias potential of 0.25 V. In order to measure the pH, a Metrohm pH meter (model 780 pH/mV meters) was applied. Moreover, morphological, structural, and chemical analyses of the samples were performed applying a FESEM (TESCAN, Mira III LMU, Czech Republic), equipped with an EDS probe.
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10

Morphological Analysis of Gold-Coated Samples

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The morphology and particle size of the gold-coated samples were characterized using FE-SEM (TESCAN, U.S.A.) operated at 15 kV.
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