Diallyl disulfide

All cell culture materials were purchased from Gibco (Life Technology, Carlsbad CA, USA), and all chemicals, as well as PTH, indoxyl sulfate, ADMA, L-homocysteine and Diallyl disulfide (DADS) were from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA), when not otherwise specified. Diallyl trisulfide (DATS) was from Cayman Chemical Co. (La Jolla, Ca, U.S.A.). PrestoBlue Cell Viability Reagent was purchased from Invitrogen (Life Technology, Carlsbad, CA, USA). pCS and pCG were synthesized at the organic chemistry department of the Ghent University, Belgium. pCS was synthesized according to Feigenbaum and Neuberg as a potassium salt [35 (link)] and pCG was synthesized and purified based on the work of Van der Eycken et al [36 (link)]. All reagents used were of analytical grade. Vacutainer tubes were purchased from Becton Dickinson Italia S.p.A.

Garlic was purchased from Laiwu (Shandong, China). Diallyl disulfide (>98% purity, HPLC grade) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Ascorbic acid (>99% purity) was purchased from Hualan Chemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Whey protein isolate (90% purity) was obtained from Maclin Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Acetonitrile and methanol (HPLC grade) were purchased from Yuwang Chemical Co., Ltd. (Dezhou, China). All other chemicals were of analytical grade.

STZ, dichloromethane, diallyl disulfide, hydrogen peroxide, 4-nitrophenol, 4-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminide, tetramethoxypropane, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, methanesulfonic acid, 1-methyl-2-phenylindole were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All other chemicals used were of the highest purity available. IL-1β antibody: sc-1250; IL-6 antibody: sc-57315; TGF-β1 antibody: sc-130348 and Actin antibody: sc-8432 were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX, USA). Anti-NFkβ p65 GTX102090 and Ikβ beta GTX82797 were from GeneTex (Irvine, CA, USA). Goat anti-rabbit and anti-mouse IgG-HRP were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA).

Diallyl disulfide (DADS; CAS 2179-57-9), resazurin (CAS 62758-13-8), trypan blue (CAS 72-57-1), Tris (CAS 77-86-1), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; CAS 67-68-5), ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA, CAS 60-00-4), Triton X-100 (CAS 9002-93-1), and methyl methanesulfonate (MMS; CAS: 66-27-3) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA). Sorafenib (SORA; CAS 284461-73-0) was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX, USA). RPMI 1640 culture medium, DMEM, antibiotic mix (penicillin/streptomycin/neomycin), fetal bovine serum, TrypLE™ Express, low melting point agarose (CAS: 39346-81-1), normal melting point agarose (CAS: 9012-36-6), and the Annexin V-FITC/PI assay kit (cat. #V13242) were acquired from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). GelRed™ dye (Biotium, Hayward, CA, USA) was obtained from Uniscience (São Paulo, SP. Brazil). Giemsa was purchased from Merck (Rockville, MD, USA). Doxorubicin hydrochloride (50 mg/10 mL) was acquired from Eurofarma (São Paulo, SP, Brazil).

Dichloromethane and sodium sulfate were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Dichloromethane was freshly distilled before experiments. Normal alkanes (C₁₀–C₂₈) and internal standard tetradecane were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai, China) and were of at least analytical grade. High-purity 2,6-dimethylpyrazine (95%), dimethyl trisulfide (95%), and diallyl disulfide (95%) were also purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai, China) and used for quantitation.