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11 protocols using anti cd14 pacific blue

1

Phenotypic Characterization of PMA-Induced Macrophages

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CD14 and CD11b expressions were evaluated using anti-CD14-Pacific Blue (BD Biosciences®, clone M4E2), and anti-CD11b (BioLegend®, clone M1/70) antibodies were used to confirm the PMA-induced differentiation of THP-1 to macrophage-like cells. Macrophage activation markers were analyzed using αCD80-PE (BD Biosciences®, clone L307.4), αCD86-APC (BD Biosciences®, clone 2331), or αHLA-DR-PE antibodies (BD Biosciences®, cloneG46-6). In all cases, cells were incubated with 100 μL of blockade buffer (BD Biosciences®) during 20 min and washed with stain buffer. Subsequently, cells were stained with the corresponding antibodies during 30 min on ice. Finally, cells were washed twice with stain buffer and acquired in a BD FACSAria III cytometer (BD Biosciences®). Data were analyzed using FlowJo® software version 7.6.2. (La Jolla, CA).
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2

Cellular Activation Measurement for HIV

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Cellular activation was assessed by measurement of HLA-DR and CD38, similar to previous studies (12 (link), 36 (link), 37 (link)). Staining for flow cytometry was performed both extracellularly and intracellularly. The extracellular staining cocktail consisted of LIVE/DEAD Amcyan fixable dye (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), anti-CD3-APC-H7, anti-CD4-BV605, anti-CD8-BV655, anti-CD14-Pacific blue (all from BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA), and anti-CD19-pacific blue (Biolegend, San Diego, CA, USA). The intracellular staining cocktail consisted of anti-CCR5-APC, anti-HLA-DR-PerCP-CY5.5 (all from BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA), anti-CD38-PE-CY7 (Biolegend, San Diego, CA, USA) and anti-p24-FITC (Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA, USA). PBMCs were collected at two time-points: day 3 (48 h post stimulation and prior to HIV infection) and day 5 (48 h post infection).
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3

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Chemokine Receptors

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Agonist or inhibitor-treated cells were incubated with undiluted goat serum for 30 mins at 4°C, then washed in FACS buffer (1% BSA in PBS). Cells were resuspended with FACS buffer containing anti-CCR1-PE, anti-CD3-APC-Cy7, or anti-CD14-Pacific Blue (BD Biosciences Pharmingen, Palo Alto, CA), or anti-CCR2-PE antibody (R&D systems, Minneapolis, MN), and incubated at 4°C for 30 mins. After washing twice with FACS buffer, the cells were resuspended in FACS buffer, and analyzed using FACS Calibur, FACS Aria, or LSRII flow cytometers (BD Biosciences). A minimun of 10,000 gated cells were analyzed per sample for the relevant cell surface receptor expression. For quantification analysis of CCR1 and CCR2, the mean fluorescent intensities of CCR1-PE or CCR2-PE labeled cells were converted to the number of antibody bound receptors with Quantibrite PE calibration beads (Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
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4

Monocyte Subset Characterization

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Monocytes subsets were identified by size, granularity, and by expression levels of CD14 and CD16. Fluorescence minus 1 and isotype gating strategies were used to identify expression of surface markers as previously reported17 .
Cell surface molecule expression was monitored using the following fluorochrome-labeled antibodies: anti-Tissue Factor fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) (American Diagnostica, Stamford, CT), anti-CD14 Pacific Blue, anti-CD16 phycoerythrin (PE), anti-CD36 allophycocyanin (APC), (BD Pharmingen, San Diego, CA), and anti-HLA-DR APC-cy7 (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA), anti-Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 APC, anti-TLR4 PEcy7, and anti-TLR-6 biotin (eBioscience, San Diego, CA), streptavidin APC-cy7 (BD Bioscience).
Whole blood samples were incubated for 15 minutes on ice with FACS Lyse buffer (BD Biosciences) and then washed in buffer (phosphate buffered saline with 1% bovine serum albumin and 0.1% sodium azide). Cells were then stained for 30 minutes in the dark on ice and then washed in buffer, fixed in 1% formaldehyde, and analyzed using a Miltenyi MACS Quant flow cytometer (Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany). MACS Quant software (version 2.21031.1, Miltenyi Biotec), and Prism 5.0 Graphpad software (La Jolla, CA) were used to organize and analyze the data.
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5

Monocyte Subset Characterization by Flow Cytometry

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Whole blood was incubated for 15 minutes on ice in FACS lysis buffer (BD Biosciences) and washed in phosphate-buffered saline containing 1% bovine serum albumin and 0.1% sodium azide. The cells were then stained for 30 minutes in the dark on ice, washed and fixed in 1% paraformaldehyde. Monocyte subsets were defined by expression of CD14, CD16, size and granularity[18 (link)]. In order to quantify expression of surface markers, we utilized isotype gating. The following fluorescent antibodies were used to identify monocytes: anti-CD14 (Pacific Blue, BD Pharmingen) and anti-CD16 (PE-conjugated, BD Pharmingen). Monocytes were analyzed for differential expression of CD14 and CD16 using a Miltenyi MACS quant flow cytometer and MACS Quantify software. Monocyte subsets were defined using relative expression of CD14 and CD16.
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6

Flow Cytometry Analysis of Macrophage Differentiation

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Macrophages were differentiated in UpCell tissue culture plates (Thermo Scientific Nunc, Rochester, NY). After indicated times, cells were released from plates according to manufacturer’s protocol and stained in 0.5% BSA and 1 mM EDTA in PBS using the following antibodies, anti-CCR5 APC, anti-CXCR4 PE, anti-CD14 Pacific Blue, anti-CD16 PE-Cy7 (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA), anti-CD4 FITC, anti-CD163 APC (ebioscience, San Diego CA), or anti-p24 PE antibody (KC57-RD1) (Beckman Coulter Indianapolis, IN). For intracellular p24 staining, cells were permeabilized and stained using the BD Cytofix/Cytoperm kit according to manufacturer’s instructions (BD Biosciences San Jose, CA). Flow cytometry was performed using a LSRII flow cytometer (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA). Data were analyzed using Flow Jo software (Treestar, Ashland, OR).
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7

Flow Cytometric Isolation of Lymphocyte Subsets

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Flow cytometric cell sorting was performed on a 20-parameter FACSAria (BD Biosciences, San Jose, Calif) running FACSDiva software (version 6.1.3, BD Biosciences). B cells, T cells, and monocytes were discriminated by staining PBMCs with the following fluorescently labeled, mouse anti-human mAbs: anti-CD20 fluorescein isothiocyanate (in-house conjugated), anti-CD127 phycoerythrin (in-house conjugated), anti-CD3 H7APC (BD Biosciences), anti-CD14 Pacific Blue (BD Biosciences), anti-CD4 QD605 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif), anti-CD8 QD705 (Invitrogen), and ViViD LIVE/DEAD Fixable Dead Cell Stain (Invitrogen). Total CD4+ or CD8+ T cells were defined as CD3+, ViViD, CD14 and CD4+ or CD8+, respectively.
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8

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Monocyte Adhesion Molecules

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Expression of adhesion molecules on monocyte subsets was measured directly ex vivo by flow cytometry (MACs Quant 10; Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany). Fresh blood samples were lysed with FACS lyse buffer (BD Biosciences) for 15 minutes and washed with buffer (phosphate-buffered saline with 1% bovine serum albumin and 0.1% sodium azide). Cells were stained for 30 minutes in the dark on ice and then washed in buffer, fixed in 1% paraformaldehyde, and analyzed. Monocyte subsets were identified by size, granularity, and surface expression levels of CD14 and CD16 using fluorochrome labeled antibodies (anti-CD14 Pacific Blue and anti-CD16 phycoerythrin; BD Pharmingen, San Diego, CA). Fluorescence minus 1 and isotype gating strategies were used to identify expression of surface markers as previously reported [22 (link)].
Adhesion molecule expression was monitored using fluorochrome-labeled antibodies against: CD11a (Pe-Cy7), CD11b (allophycocyanin-Cy7 [APC-Cy7]), CD11c (APC), CD18 (fluorescein isothiocyanate [FITC]), CD29 (APC), and CD49d (Pe-Cy7) (BD Pharmingen). Surface expression of CX3CR1 was measured using anti-CX3CR1 (Pe-Cy7; eBioscience, San Diego, CA). MACS Quant software (version 2.21031.1; Miltenyi Biotec) and Prism 5.0 GraphPad software (GraphPad, La Jolla, CA) were used to analyze the data.
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9

Isolation of Monocyte Subsets

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Prior to infection, at 26 dpi, and at necropsy, mononuclear cells were isolated from 10 ml EDTA-treated whole blood (n = 4 animals: CM07, DB79, FD05, FB92) by density gradient centrifugation over Ficoll-Hypaque (GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL). Buffy coats were collected and washed in calcium- and magnesium-free PBS and stained for 15 min with anti-CD14-PacificBlue, anti-CD16-PE, anti-HLA-DR-PerCP-Cy-5.5, anti-CD3-FITC, and anti-CD20-APC (BD Biosciences) in PBS containing 2% FBS. Monocytes were isolated by forward and side scatter characteristics and CD14 antigen expression. HLA-DR+CD3-CD20–cells were selected to exclude B- and T-cells (Figure 2A). Nonoverlapping populations of classical, intermediate, and nonclassical monocytes were isolated based on expression of CD14 and CD16 on a BD FACS ARIA (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA). FACS-isolated monocytes were washed in PBS to remove residual FACS buffer and vacuum pelleted to preserve RNA integrity.
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10

Isolation of SARS-CoV-2 RBD-specific memory B cells

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Briefly, cryopreserved PBMC were thawed in pre-warmed RPMI 1640 (Cat. 12019003, Corning, USA) with 10% fetal bovine serum and 50 IU/ml benzonase (Sigma, USA). Thereafter, PBMCs were washed, surface stained with antibody cocktail containing following antibodies: anti-CD3-Alexflour 700, anti-CD8-Pacific Blue, anti-CD14-Pacific Blue, anti-CD19-PECy7, anti-CD27-APCCy7, anti-IgG-FITC, anti-IgM-PECy5 (above antibodies are all from BD Biosciences), anti-CD20-ECD (Beckman Coulter) and anti-RBD-PE in a total volume of 50 μL on ice in dark for one hour, followed by Live/Dead staining with a LIVE/DEAD Fixable Aqua Dead Cell Stain Kit (Cat. L34957, Invitrogen, USA). The cells were washed and suspended in cold PBS with 2mM EDTA. The stained PBMC were filtered by 70-μm cell mesh (Cat. 352235, Corning, USA) and sorted using a five-laser FACS Aria cell sorter III driven by FACS Diva software. Single cells with the phenotype of CD3-, CD8-, DAPI-, CD14- CD19+, CD20+, CD27+, IgM-, IgG+, RBD+ were defined as SARS-CoV-2 RBD specific memory B cells. Single cells were sorted into 96-well PCR plates containing 20 μL of cell lysis buffer per well under yield mode, and PCR plates were quickly frozen on dry ice and stored at -80˚C overnight. Then RT-PCR were performed to amplify the variable regions of the heavy chain (VH) and light Chain (VL) as previously reported (27 (link)).
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