Nine epileptic patients (see Table 1 ) undergoing invasive EEG monitoring with depth electrodes to localize seizures were continuously recorded for a 10-hour period during the night. Consecutive recordings were obtained using a Grass Tele factor (3 patients, 400 Hz sampling rate) or Neuralynx Atlas (6 patients, 2000 Hz sampling rate) system. No patients were excluded from our study. The patients were videotaped continuously. Sleep recordings were completed prior to sleep deprivation periods that are used clinically for eliciting seizures. The nights selected for sleep recordings were early on in the hospital stay while the patient’s antiepileptic drugs were similar to their home dosing. Thus their sleep architecture should be similar to baseline and unperturbed by the prolonged hospital stay. This work was approved by the institutional review board of the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, and all patients provided informed consent to participate. (IRB#13369).
Grass telefactor
Manufactured by Natus
Sourced in United States
Grass TeleFactor is a laboratory equipment product designed for recording and monitoring physiological data. It is a comprehensive system that integrates various features to facilitate data acquisition and analysis. The core function of Grass TeleFactor is to provide a reliable and efficient platform for researchers and clinicians to capture and manage physiological signals.
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Lab products found in correlation
10 protocols using grass telefactor
1
Baseline Sleep Architecture in Epilepsy
2
Intramuscular Genioglossal EMG Recording
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Genioglossal activity was recorded using four monopolar intramuscular wire electrodes in accordance with our prior MU publications (Avraam et al., 2021 (link); Nicholas et al., 2010 (link)). Each wire was inserted percutaneously via a 25‐gauge hypodermic needle after numbing the submental area for 20–30 min with surface anaesthesia (lidocaine – Prilocaine; AstraZeneca Pty Ltd, North Ryde, NSW, Australia). Wires were inserted between 10 and 20 mm from the posteroinferior margin of the mandible, at a depth of 2–2.5 cm from the surface and ∼5 mm on each side of the midline. The variation in wire placements was performed to maximize chances of identifying unique MUs and to ensure that sufficient EP and ET units were recorded as these are typically found more superficially in the horizontal region of the genioglossus (Luu et al., 2018 (link); Yeung et al., 2022 (link)). GG EMG signals were amplified and band‐pass filtered from 30 to 10 kHz (model P511, Grass TeleFactor; Grass Technologies, West Warwick, RI, USA).
3
Trunk and Arm Muscle EMG Evaluation
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The electromyography (EMG) activity of the trunk and arm muscles was recorded utilizing intramuscular fine-wire and surface electrodes. Pairs of surface electrodes (10 mm diameter Ag/ AgCl discs, inter-electrode distance of 20 mm, Grass Telefactor, USA) were placed over the oblique internus (OI) abdominal, the oblique external (OE) abdominal, and the rectus abdominal (RA) muscles, respectively, and over the muscle bellies of the right anterior muscles (Hall et al., 2009 (link)). The skin was prepared, and the electrodes were aligned parallel to the muscle fibers and placed in accordance with previous studies demonstrating that these placements maximize the signal-to-noise ratio related to the levels of cross-talk. EMG data were pre-amplified 1,000 times, further amplified two times, and band pass filtered at 60 Hz.
4
Intramuscular Genioglossal EMG Monitoring
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Genioglossal activity was recorded from four monopolar intramuscular wire electrodes inserted percutaneously to a depth of 25 mm, at locations 10 and 20 mm posterior to the posteroinferior margin of the mandible and 5 mm lateral to the midline (each side). Each wire was inserted using a 25-gauge needle, 20-30 minutes after the application of topical local anaesthetic (Lidocaine—Prilocaine; AstraZeneca Pty Ltd, NSW, Australia) to the submental area. GG EMG signals were amplified and band-pass filtered from 30 to 3 kHz (model P511, Grass TeleFactor; Grass Technologies, West Warwick, RI).
5
Subdural Grid and Depth Electrode iEEG Recording
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iEEG signal was recorded using subdural grids and strips (contacts placed 10 mm apart) or depth electrodes (contacts spaced 5–10 mm apart) using recording systems at each clinical site. iEEG systems included DeltaMed XlTek (Natus), Grass Telefactor, and Nihon-Kohden EEG systems. Signals were sampled at 500, 512, 1000, 1024, or 2000 Hz, depending on hardware restrictions and considerations of clinical application. Signals recorded at individual electrodes were converted to a bipolar montage by computing the difference in signal between adjacent electrode pairs on each strip, grid, and depth electrode. Bipolar signal was notch filtered at 60 Hz with a fourth order 2 Hz stop-band butterworth notch filter in order to remove the effects of line noise on the iEEG signal.
6
Polysomnography for Obstructive Sleep Apnea Diagnosis
7
Intramuscular EMG Electrode Placement for Genioglossus Muscle
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GG activity was recorded using four monopolar intramuscular wire electrodes referenced to a surface electrode on the left cheek and grounded by a flexible strap on the left shoulder. Electrodes were stainless steel Teflon coated 50 µm wire electrodes (A-M Systems Inc, Sequim Washington) of which 0.5 mm of the tip was bared. Each wire was inserted percutaneously via a 25-gauge hypodermic needle after numbing of the submental area with 20-30 min of surface anesthesia (Lidocaine-Prilocaine; AstraZeneca Pty Ltd, NSW, Australia). The GG wires were inserted between 10 and 20 mm from the posteroinferior margin of the mandible, at a depth of 2-2.5 cm from the surface and ~5mm each side of the midline. The range of wire placements into the muscle was performed to maximize chances of identifying unique SMUs and to ensure sufficient EP and ET units were recorded as these are typically found more superficially [27] . GG EMG signals were band-pass filtered from 30 to 10 kHz (model P511, Grass TeleFactor; Grass Technologies, West Warwick, RI).
8
Intracranial EEG Signal Acquisition
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iEEG signal was recorded using depth electrodes (contacts spaced 3.5–10 mm apart) using recording systems at each clinical site. iEEG systems included DeltaMed XlTek (Natus), Grass Telefactor, and Nihon-Kohden EEG systems. Signals were sampled at 500, 1000, or 1600 Hz, depending on hardware restrictions and considerations of clinical application. Signals recorded at individual electrodes were first referenced to a common contact placed intracranially, on the scalp, or mastoid process. To eliminate potentially confounding large-scale artifacts and noise on the reference channel, we next re-referenced the data using a bipolar montage. Channels exhibiting highly non-physiologic signal due to damage or misplacement were excluded prior to re-referencing. The resulting bipolar time series was treated as a virtual electrode and used in all subsequent analysis. Raw electrophysiogical data and analysis code used in this study are freely available at http://memory.psych.upenn.edu/Electrophysiological_Data .
9
Intracranial EEG Signal Processing
10
Intracranial EEG Signal Preprocessing
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iEEG signal was recorded using subdural grids and strips (contacts spaced 10 mm apart) or depth electrodes (contacts spaced 3–10 mm apart) using recording systems at each clinical site. iEEG systems included DeltaMed & XlTek (Natus), Grass Telefactor, and Nihon-Kohden EEG systems. Signals were sampled at 500, 512, 1000, 1024, or 2000 Hz, depending on clinical site. Preprocessing of iEEG signal was performed with custom Python (v3.3) software. Signals recorded at individual contacts were converted to a bipolar montage by computing the difference in signal between adjacent electrode pairs on each strip, grid, and depth electrode. Bipolar signal was notch filtered at 60 Hz with a fourth-order 2 Hz stop-band Butterworth notch filter in order to remove the effects of line noise on the iEEG signal.
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