1,2-di-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) and 1,2-dihexanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DHPC) were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL, USA). Lipoid P-100 phosphatidylcholine (>97%) from soybean non-(GMO) was kindly supplied by Lipoid GmbH (Ludwigshafen, Germany). Cholesterol, curcumin (cur ≥ 65%), α-tocopherol (α-toc ≥ 96%), malondialdehyde (MDA), and 1,1,3,3-tetraethoxypropane (TEP) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Purified water was obtained from an ultrapure water system (Thermo Scientific Barnstead MicroPure ST, Langenselbold, Germany). HPLC grade chloroform, HPLC grade acetonitrile, HPLC grade methanol, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), 1, 1 diphenyl 2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), and Triton X-100 were purchased from Merck. Trolox was obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc. (Dallas, TX, USA). Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), DMEM without phenol red, fetal bovine serum, penicillin, streptomycin, fetal bovine serum (FBS), and Trypsin-EDTA were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Peptone, Yeast Extract–Peptone–Dextrose Broth, and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar were obtained from Becton, Dickinson and Company (Sparks, MD, USA).
1 1 3 3 tetraethoxypropane tep
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Spain
1,1,3,3-tetraethoxypropane (TEP) is a laboratory reagent used as a precursor in organic synthesis and as a cross-linking agent in various applications.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (5 mentions)
Streptomycin, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Thiobarbituric acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Trypsin edta, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
Dichlorofluorescin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by ITW Reagents (2 mentions)
2 4 dinitrophenylhydrazine dnph, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by ITW Reagents (2 mentions)
O phthaldialdehyde, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Penicillin g, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Quercetin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Gentamicin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Rutin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Bradford reagent, by Bio-Rad (2 mentions)
Methanol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Trichloroacetic acid tca, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Penicillin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Streptomycin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Peptone, by BD (1 mentions)
Trolox, by Santa Cruz Biotechnology (1 mentions)
9 protocols using 1 1 3 3 tetraethoxypropane tep
1
Lipid Formulation Development and Characterization
2
Comprehensive Analysis of Antioxidant Compounds
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HPLC-grade Acetonitrile and water were purchased by Panreac (Madrid, Spain). Standards of kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin, rutin, caffeic, chlorogenic, and protocautechic acids of HPLC-grade were purchased by Sigma-Aldrich (Madrid, Spain). We also acquired CCCP from Sigma (C2759).
Tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BOOH), glutathione reductase (GR), reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione, dichlorofluorescin (DCFH), o-phthaldialdehyde (OPT), nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced salt (NADPH), 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH), H2O2, 1,1,3,3-tetraethoxypropane (TEP), gentamicin, penicillin G, and streptomycin were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (Madrid, Spain), and rapamycin was purchased from Merck (number 553,210). Acetonitrile, methanol of HPLC grade, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) of analytical grade, sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride, di-sodium hydrogen phosphate anhydrous, potassium di-hydrogen phosphate, as well as formic, hydrochloric, perchloric, and sulfuric acids were acquired from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain). Bradford reagent was from BioRad Laboratories S.A. DMEM culture media and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were from Cultek (Madrid, Spain). All other reagents were of analytical quality.
Tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BOOH), glutathione reductase (GR), reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione, dichlorofluorescin (DCFH), o-phthaldialdehyde (OPT), nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced salt (NADPH), 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH), H2O2, 1,1,3,3-tetraethoxypropane (TEP), gentamicin, penicillin G, and streptomycin were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (Madrid, Spain), and rapamycin was purchased from Merck (number 553,210). Acetonitrile, methanol of HPLC grade, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) of analytical grade, sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride, di-sodium hydrogen phosphate anhydrous, potassium di-hydrogen phosphate, as well as formic, hydrochloric, perchloric, and sulfuric acids were acquired from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain). Bradford reagent was from BioRad Laboratories S.A. DMEM culture media and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were from Cultek (Madrid, Spain). All other reagents were of analytical quality.
3
Biochemical Assays for Oxidative Stress
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Tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BOOH), GR, reduced and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione, di-chlorofluorescin (DCFH), o-phthaldialdehyde (OPT), nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced salt (NADPH), 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH), H2O2, 1,1,3,3-tetraethoxypropane (TEP), gentamicin, penicillin G and streptomycin were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (Madrid, Spain). Acetonitrile, methanol of HPLC grade, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) of analytical grade and all other usual laboratory reagents were acquired from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain). Bradford reagent was from BioRad Laboratories S.A. DMEM culture media and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were from Cultek (Madrid, Spain). All other reagents were of analytical quality.
4
Antioxidant and Antibacterial Assays
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All the reagents and solvents were of reagent grade, used without any further purification. Ascorbic acid (AA), ascorbate oxidase (AOx, EC 1.10.3.3), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical, Rutin, 2,2’-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid, diammonium salt (ABTS), 2′,7′- dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA), tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBH), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA), methanol, 1,1,3,3-tetraethoxypropane (TEP), thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT), isopropanol, streptomycin, penicillin, ampicillin, oxacillin, cloxacillin, rifampicin, oxytetracycline, and L-glutamine were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Milan, Italy). The phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution was made using NaCl (137 mM), NaOH (2.7 mM), Na2HPO4 (8.1 mM), and KH2PO4 (1.47 mM) from Sigma and then adjusted to pH 7.4. Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), RPMI 1640 and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Euroclone S.p.A. (Pero, Milan, Italy).
CaCo-2 cells were obtained from the European Collection of Cell Cultures (ECACC, Salisbury, UK). SW48 were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, LGC Standards S.r.l., Milan, Italy).
CaCo-2 cells were obtained from the European Collection of Cell Cultures (ECACC, Salisbury, UK). SW48 were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, LGC Standards S.r.l., Milan, Italy).
5
Antioxidant Properties of Allium hookeri Roots
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Commercial Allium hookeri roots were purchased from Samchaenara Co. (Korea) and freeze dried at Dongil Cold Storage & Foods Co. (Korea). Pork loin, processed sulfur-fed pork loin, and pork backfat were purchased to prepare pork patties from a local slaughterhouse in Seoul, Korea. Chemicals including Folin-Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent, sodium carbonate, aluminium chloride, quercetin, 2.2-dipnenyl1-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), 2-thiobarbiuric acid (TBA), and 1,1,3,3-tetraethoxypropane (TEP) were purchased from Sigma (Sigma-Aldrich, USA). Other chemicals including potassium persulfate and gallic acid were purchased from Samchun (Samchun pure chemical Co., Ltd., Korea) and Kanto (Kanto chemical Co., Inc., Japan), respectively.
6
Quantitative Analysis of Antioxidant Enzymes
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Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (35% w/w), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) (≥99.5%), and dipotassium phosphate (K2HPO4) (≥99%) were purchased from Riedel-de Haën (Seelze, Germany). 3,4-diOH-B (≥98% purity) was purchased from Fluka Chemie GmbH (Buchs, Switzerland). 2,3-diOH-BA (≥99.5% purity), 3,4-diOH-BA (≥99.5% purity), cumene hydroperoxide (CumOOH) (≥80% purity), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) calcium disodium salt (≥97%), phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF, solution ~0.1 M in ethanol), Bradford reagent comprised of the Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 (CBBG) dye in phosphoric acid and methanol, (-)-riboflavin (≥98%), L-methionine (≥98%), 2-thiobarbituric acid (ΤΒΑ) (≥98%), bovine serum albumin (BSA) (≥98%) and 1,1,3,3-tetra ethoxy propane (TEP) (≥96%) were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Culture media contained D-glucose monohydrate (Panreac Quimica S.A., Barcelona, Spain), yeast extract (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), and soy peptone (LabM Limited, Bury, UK). Absolute ethanol (99% purity), trichloroacetic acid (TCA) (≥99.5%), and ultrahigh-purity water were from Chem-Lab (Zedelgem, Belgium). All other common reagents and solvents were of the appropriate purity from various suppliers.
7
Inflammatory Mediator Assay Protocol
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Injectable SHL was purchased from Duoduo Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China). Mouse TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 ELISA kits were obtained from Excell Technology Co. (Shanghai, China). SOD was purchased from the Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology (Jiangsu, Haimen, China). 3, 3′, 5, 5′-Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) was purchased from Sangon Biotech Co. (Shanghai, China). Dexamethasone (DXM), lipopolysaccharide (Escherichia coli O55:B5, LPS), GSH, 4-hydroxy-TEMPOL (TEM), and 1, 1, 3, 3-tetraethoxypropane (TEP) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All other reagents were of analytical grade.
8
Quantifying Cholesterol Metabolism Markers
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ELISA Kits (HMGCoA reductase and ACAT2) (Sunlong Biotech Co. Ltd), thiobarbituric acid (TBA) (Sigma‐Aldrich), trichloroacetic acid (TCA) (Sigma‐Aldrich), 1, 1, 3–3‐tetraethoxypropane (TEP) (Sigma‐Aldrich), 1% high cholesterol diet (Envigo Teklad), normal rat diet (Takrif Bestari Enterprise), Simvastatin (10 mg/kg)(Pharmaniaga Manufacturing Berhad).
9
Alginate-Carrageenan Hydrogel Formulation
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Technical grade sodium Alg with a ratio -D-mannuronic acid:-L-guluronic acid = 58.9:41.1, measured using nuclear magnetic resonance (DMX-500, 500 MHz, Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA), and Mn 668,000, Mw 1,750,000, obtained using size exclusion chromatography (see below for methods details), and potato starch with an amylose content of 20.5% according to the manufacturer were purchased from Panreac AppliChem ITW Reagents, Barcelona, Spain. Foodgrade -carrageenan, a linear polysaccharide formed with α(1-3)-D-galactose-4-sulfate and ß(1-4)-3,6-anhydro-D-galactose, i.e., one sulfate group/disaccharide, was purchased from Sosa Ingredients, Moià, Spain. Its average MW was 690,000 according to the manufacturer.
Technical grade Ch from deacetylation of chitin of shrimp shells, with a degree of deacetylation 70% and MW 11,000, and food-grade ginger oil with 67% sesquiterpenes and 17% monoterpenes were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA. Ginger oil was stored at 4ºC. See below for determination of oxidation state.
Technical grade Tween 20 and analytical grade NaOH, CaCl2, NaNO3, methanol, hexane, chloroform, glacial acetic acid, isooctane, KI, sodium thiosulfate, thiobarbituric acid, 1,1,3,3tetraethoxypropane (TEP), trichloroacetic acid and p-anisidine reagent were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
Technical grade Ch from deacetylation of chitin of shrimp shells, with a degree of deacetylation 70% and MW 11,000, and food-grade ginger oil with 67% sesquiterpenes and 17% monoterpenes were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA. Ginger oil was stored at 4ºC. See below for determination of oxidation state.
Technical grade Tween 20 and analytical grade NaOH, CaCl2, NaNO3, methanol, hexane, chloroform, glacial acetic acid, isooctane, KI, sodium thiosulfate, thiobarbituric acid, 1,1,3,3tetraethoxypropane (TEP), trichloroacetic acid and p-anisidine reagent were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
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