Lamada 950

Information about the microscopic topography of the photocatalyst was obtained from the scanning electron microscope (SEM) images by using a Hitachi SU8010 SEM. The microstructure was characterized by the FEI-TALOS-F200X transmission electron microscope (TEM). From the Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR-650), information about the functional groups carried by the catalyst were obtained. The test wavelength range is set from 4000 to 400 cm⁻¹. An Ultima IV X-ray diffractometer (XRD) was used to analyze the structure of the samples. The element properties were studied by Thermo Scientific K-alpha+X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). PerkinElmer and LAMADA950 ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV-vis) provided UV absorption spectra and UV diffuse reflectance spectra. The ultraviolet diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-vis DRS) displayed information about the light absorption by photocatalysts. Steady-state, transient fluorescence spectra of samples were obtained with a Hitachi F-4600 photometer. The Mott–Schottky curve, photocurrent response, and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) Nyquist plot were measured on an electrochemical workstation (CHI760E).

The transparency of the ionogel was characterized using an UV-visible spectrophotometer (PerkinElmer, lamada950, Waltham, MA, USA) in the wavelength range between 400 and 800 nm. The thickness of the sample was 2 mm.