Iron sulfate heptahydrate

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) solution 30% (w/w), glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDM), iron sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO₄∙7H₂O), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), hydrochloric acid (HCl, 36.0–38.0% in water) and corn step liquor were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Gluconacetobacter xylinus (ATCC 10245) was purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA).

LPS (Eb-ultrapure, 0111:B4), Pam3CSK4, pepinhTRIF, and TAK-242 were obtained from InvivoGen, nigericin was obtained from Invitrogen, and Bacillus anthracis PA was obtained from List Biological Laboratories. Colchicine was obtained from Sigma, and VX-765 was obtained from Sellekchem. BAA-473 was a gift from Dr. Canham (Novartis). DRAQ5 was purchased from eBioscience. TNFα, IFN-β, IFN-γ, M-CSF, IL-3, IL-4, and IL-10 were purchased from Immunotools. TcdA and TcdB from C. difficile strain VPI10463 were recombinantly produced and supplied by Prof. Ralf Gerhard [40 (link)]. Both toxins are identical to TcdA and TcdB from strain cdi630, which was used for infection assay. The HTRF kits for human IL-1β and TNFα were obtained from Cisbio; the ELISA kit for human and mouse IL-1β was obtained from R&D Systems. Both were used according to the manufacturer’s instructions. For the C. difficile supernatant transfer, the following reagents were used: Butyric acid (Sigma-Aldrich: W222119-1KG-K), Various amino acids (Roth or Sigma), Iron sulfate heptahydrate (Sigma-Aldrich: 215422-250G), Triton-X 100 (Roth: 3051.2), M-Per (Sigma-Aldrich: 78501), Protease inhibitor (Sigma-Aldrich: 11836170001).

The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), potassium peroxydisulfate, 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS^•+), 2,4,6-Tris(2-pyridyl)-S-triazine (TPTZ), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, iron sulfate heptahydrate, ferrozine, potassium peroxydisulfate, sodium phosphate dibasic, potassium phosphate monobasic, sodium acetate, iron(III) chloride hexahydrate, iron(II) chloride tetrahydrate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Milan, Italy). Methanol and acetic acid were LC-MS-grade and were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). All other chemicals and solvents used were of analytical grade.

Zincon monosodium salt and glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) were purchased from Alfa Aesar, Haverhill, MA, USA. Copper sulfate (99.99%), magnesium sulphate (99.99%), manganese chloride (97%), iron sulfate heptahydrate (98%), calcium chloride (93%), anhydrous, cobalt chloride hexahydrate (98%), and nickel sulfate hexahydrate (99%) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany. Artificial saliva (#1700-0305) was purchased from Pickering laboratories, Park Way, Mountain View, CA, USA. Artificial urine (control #IS5080) was purchased from Aldon Corporation, Avon, NY, USA (Table 2). All the other chemicals and materials used in this work were purchased from Fisher Scientific, Scotia Court, ON, Canada.

Exfoliated Ti₃C₂T_x MXene was purchased from Laizhou Kai Kai Ceramic Materials Co. Ltd (Hong Kong S.A.R.). Calcium chloride (CaCl₂, ≥98%), iron sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO₄•7H₂O, ACS reagent ≥99%), ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH, 25% NH₃ in H₂O), potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) (K₃Fe(CN)₆, ACS reagent ≥99%), and indium tin oxide-coated glass slides (ITO, 75 × 25 × 1.1 mm³, 8–12 Ω sq⁻¹ surface resistivity) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Merck, Germany). Iron chloride hexahydrate (FeCl₃•6H₂O, 97%) was purchased from Alfa Aesar (Thermo Fisher Scientific, US). Pt target was purchased from Neyco (France). Carboxylated polystyrene nanoparticles (1% solid content in 5 ml water, corresponding to 10 mg ml⁻¹, 50 nm in size) were purchased from Degradex (Phosphorex, US). ET077-40 SPEs (50 × 13 mm², 3 mm diameter disk working electrode, graphitic carbon powder working and auxiliary electrodes, Ag/AgCl pellet reference electrode) were purchased from Zensor (Taiwan).